Authors : J.V. Anand and S. Titus
Abstract: Underwater sensor network are susceptible to funneling effect and energy drain of sensors near the surface. However, to overcome these bottleneck links and estimate the nodes current energy and traffic a drain rate formula had been deployed exponential weighted moving average method to calculate the current energy of the nodes in the intensity region. Thus an exact energy estimate of the forwarding node can be calculated depending on its current status. Aqua Funneling and Energy Holes Avoidance with Directional Antenna (AFEHADA) uses single channel and it checks the packet drop rate channel utilization and decides whether to transmit or back off. Aqua Funneling and Energy Holes Avoidance with Optimal transmissions using Directional Antenna (AFEHAODA) with channel diverse capability and multi-interface support of which dedicated channel is used for transmission. This protocol checks the packet drop rate, time for channel utilization, residual energy and then decides whether to transmit or reroute. Comparisons of both the protocol were done with VAPR using ns2 simulator using aquasim patch.
J.V. Anand and S. Titus, 2016. Underwater Routing Protocols for Funneling and Energy Holes Avoidance. Asian Journal of Information Technology, 15: 3649-3656.