References

Abdel-Tawwab, M., A.M. Abdel-Rahman and N.E.M. Ismael, 2008. Evaluation of commercial live bakers' yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a growth and immunity promoter for Fry Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.) challenged in situ with Aeromonas hydrophila. Aquaculture, 280: 185-189.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Alexander, J.B. and G.A. Ingram, 1992. Noncellular nonspecific defence mechanisms of fish. Annu. Rev. Fish Dis., 2: 249-279.
CrossRef  |  

Arabshahi-Delouee, S. and A. Urooj, 2007. Antioxidant properties of various solvent extracts of mulberry (Morus indica L.) leaves. Food Chem., 102: 1233-1240.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Ardo, L., G. Yin, P. Xu, L. Varadi, G. Szigeti, Z. Jeney and G. Jeney, 2008. Chinese herbs (Astragalus membranaceus and Lonicera japonica) and boron enhance the non-specific immune response of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and resistance against Aeromonas hydrophila. Aquaculture, 275: 26-33.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Bauer, A.W., W.M.M. Kirby, J.C. Sherris and M. Turck, 1966. Antibiotic susceptibility testing by a standardized single disk method. Am. J. Clin. Pathol., 45: 493-496.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Chen, X., Z. Wu, J. Yin and L. Li, 2003. Effects of four species of herbs on immune function of Carassius auratus gibelio. J. Fish Sci. China, 10: 36-40.

Choi, S.H., K.H. Park, T.J. Yoon, J.B. Kim, Y.S. Jang and C.H. Choe, 2008. Dietary Korean mistletoe enhances cellular non-specific immune responses and survival of Japanese eel (Anguilla japonica). Fish Shellfish Immunol., 24: 67-73.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  

Citarasu, T., K. Venkatramalingam, M.M. Babu, R.R.J. Sekar and M. Petermarian, 2003. Influence of the antibacterial herbs, Solanum trilobatum andrographis paniculata and Psoralea corylifolia on the survival, growth and bacterial load of Penaeus monodon post larvae. Aquac. Int., 11: 581-595.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Citarasu, T., M.M. Babu, R.J.R. Sekar and P.M. Marian, 2002. Developing Artemia enriched Herbal diet for producing quality larvae in Penaeus monodon, Fabricius. Asian Fish. Sci., 15: 21-32.
Direct Link  |  

Citarasu, T., V. Sivaram, G. Immanuel, N. Rout and V. Murugan, 2006. Influence of selected Indian immunostimulant herbs against White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) infection in black tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon with reference to haematological, biochemical and immunological changes. Fish Shellfish Immunol., 21: 372-384.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Dalmo, R.A., K. Ingebrigtsen and J. Bogwald, 1997. Non-specific defence mechanisms in fish, with particular reference to the reticuloendothelial system (RES). J. Fish Dis., 4: 241-273.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Drabkin, D.L., 1946. Spectrophotometric studies, XIV. The crystallographic and optimal properties of the haemiglobin of man in comoarison with those other species. J. Biol. Chem., 164: 703-723.
Direct Link  |  

Eloff, J.N., 1998. Which extractant should be used for the screening and isolation of antimicrobial components from plants? J. Ethnopharmacol., 60: 1-8.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Farag, R.S., Z.Y. Daw, F.M. Hewedi and G.S. El-Baroty, 1989. Antimicrobial activity of some Egyptian spice essential oils. J. Food Prot., 52: 665-667.
Direct Link  |  

Gopalakannan, A. and V. Arul, 2006. Immunomodulatory effects of dietary intake of chitin, chitosan and levamisole on the immune system of Cyprinus carpio and control of Aeromonas hydrophila infection in ponds. Aquaculture, 255: 179-187.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Grinde, B., 1989. Lysozyme from rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri Richardson, as an antibacterial agent against fish pathogen. J. Fish Dis., 12: 95-104.

Hanif, A., V. Bakopoulos, I. Leonardos and G.J. Dimitriadis, 2005. The effect of sea bream (Sparus aurata) broodstock and larval vaccination on the susceptibility by Photobacterium damsela subsp. piscicida and on the humoral immune parameters. Fish Shellfish Immunol., 19: 345-361.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Hardie, L.J., A.E. Ellis and C.J. Secombes, 1996. In vitro activation of rainbow trout macrophages stimulates inhibition of Renibacterium salmoninarum growth concomitant with augmented generation of respiratory burst products. Dis. Aquat. Organ., 25: 175-183.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Harikrishnan, R., M.N. Rani and C. Balasundaram, 2003. Hematological and biochemical parameters in common carp, Cyprinus carpio, following herbal treatment for Aeromonas hydrophila infection. Aquaculture, 222: 41-50.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Itou, T., T. Lida and H. Kawatsu, 1996. Kinetics of oxygen metabolism during respiratory burst in Japanese eel neutrophils. Dev. Comp. Immunol., 20: 323-330.
CrossRef  |  

Kajita, Y., M. Sakai, S. Atsuta and M. Kobayash, 1990. The immunostimulatory effects of levamisole on rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Fish Pathol., 25: 93-98.
Direct Link  |  

Lowry, O.H., N.J. Rosebrough, A.L. Farr and R.J. Randall, 1951. Protein measurement with the folin phenol reagent. J. Biol. Chem., 193: 265-275.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Neumann, N.F., J.L. Stafford, D. Barreda, A.J. Ainsworth and M. Belosevic, 2001. Antimicrobial mechanisms of fish phagocytes and their role in host defence. Dev. Comp. Immunol., 25: 807-825.
CrossRef  |  

Pachanawan, A., P. Phumkhachorn and P. Rattanachaikunsopon, 2008. Potential of Psidium guajava supplemented fish diets in controlling aeromonas hydrophila infection in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). J. Biosci. Bioeng., 106: 419-424.
CrossRef  |  

Parry, R.M., R.C. Chandau and K.M. Shahani, 1965. A rapid and sensitive assay of muramidase. Exp. Biol. Med., 119: 384-386.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  

Puangkaew, J., V. Kiron, T. Somsmoto, N. Okamoto, S. Satoh and T. Takeuchi, 2004. Non-specific immune response of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum) in relation to different status of vitamin-E and highly unsaturated fatty acids. Fish Shellfish Immunol., 16: 25-39.
PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Punitha, S.M.J., M.M. Babu, V. Sivaram, V.S. Shankar and S.A. Dhas et al., 2008. Immunostimulating influence of herbal biomedicines on nonspecific immunity in grouper Epinephelus tauvina juvenile against Vibrio harveyi infection. Aquacult. Int., 16: 511-523.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Rao, Y.V., B.K. Das, P. Jyotyrmayee and R. Chakrabarti, 2006. Effect of Achyranthes aspera on the immunity and survival of Labeo rohita infected with Aeromonas hydrophila. Fish. Shellfish Immunol., 20: 263-273.
CrossRef  |  

Sagdic, O. and M. Ozcan, 2003. Antibacterial activity of Turkish spice hydrosols. Food Control, 14: 141-143.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Sahu, S., B.K. Das, J. Pradhan, B.C. Mohapatra, B.K. Mishra and N. Sarangi, 2007. Effect of Magnifera indica kernel as a feed additive on immunity and resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila in Labeo rohita fingerlings. Fish Shellfish Immunol., 23: 109-118.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Sakai, M., 1999. Current research status of fish immunostimulants. Aquaculture, 172: 63-92.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Schalm, O.W., N.C. Jain and E.J. Carrol, 1975. Veterinary Haematology. 3rd Edn., Lea and Febiger Publication, Philadelphia, pp: 807-807.

Schaperclaus, W., H. Kulow and K. Schreckenbach, 1992. Fish Disease. A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.

Secombes, C.J. and T.C. Fletcher, 1992. The role of phagocytes in the protective mechanisms of fish. Annu. Rev. Fish Dis., 2: 53-71.
CrossRef  |  

Secombes, C.J., 1990. Isolation of Salmonid Macrophages and Analysis of their Killing Activity. In: Techniques of Fish Immunology, Stolen, J.S., T.C. Fletcher, D.P. Anderson, B.S. Roberson and W.B. van Muiswinkel (Eds.). Vol. 1, SOS Publications, Fair Haven, NJ., pp: 137-154.

Secombes, C.J., 1996. The Non-Specific Immune System: Cellular Defenses. In: The Fish Immune System: Organism, Pathogens and Environment, Iwama, G. and T. Nakanishi (Eds.). Chapter 2, Academic Press, San Diego, CA., USA., ISBN-13: 978-0123504395, pp: 63-103.

Shao, B.M., W. Xu, H. Dai, P. Tu, Z. Li and X.M. Gao, 2004. A study on the immune receptors for polysaccharides from the roots of Astragalus membranaceus, a Chinese medicinal herb. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 320: 1103-1111.
PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Sivaram, V., M.M. Babu, G. Immanuel, S. Murugadass, T. Citarasu and M.P. Marian, 2004. Growth and immune response of juvenile greasy groupers (Epinephelus tauvina) fed with herbal antibacterial active principle supplemented diets against Vibrio harveyi infections. Aquaculture, 237: 9-20.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Siwicki, A. and M. Studnicka, 2006. The phagocytic ability of neutrophils and serum lysozyme activity in experimentally infected carp, Cyprinus carpio L. J. Fish Biol., 31: 57-60.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Stasiak, A.S. and C.P. Baumann, 1996. Neutrophil activity as a potential bioindicator for contaminant analysis. Fish Shellfish Immunol., 6: 537-539.
CrossRef  |  

Tan, B.K.H. and J. Vanitha, 2004. Immunomodulatory and antimicrobial effect of some traditional Chinese medicinal herbs. Curr. Med. Chem., 11: 1423-1430.
Direct Link  |  

Trinder, P., 1969. Determination of glucose concentration in the blood. Ann. Clin. Biochem., 6: 24-24.

Varley, H., A.H. Gowenblock and M. Bell, 1991. Practical Clinical Biochemistry. 5th Edn., Vol. 1, CBS Publication and Distributors, Delhi, India, pp: 479-480.

Wootton, I.D.P., H. Freeman and E.J. King, 1982. Microanalysis in Medical Biochemistry. 6th Edn., Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh, Scotland, ISBN: 9780443026614, Pages: 297.

Yadav, M., G. Indira and A. Ansary, 1992. Cytotoxin elaboration by Aeromonas hydrophila isolated from fish with epizootic ulcerative syndrome. J. Fish Dis., 15: 183-189.
Direct Link  |