Abstract: The genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationship of 7 China rabbit populations were investigated with 15 microsatellite. The results showed that: The value of the average expected heterozygosity (He range from 0.820±0.012-0.675±0.031) Polymorphic Information Content (PIC range from 0.796±0.016-0.625±0.033) and the mean effective number of alleles (Ne = 6.625±0.498) of the seven rabbit populations were high, which indicated that polymorphisms and genetic diversity of genes were abundant. The range of FST for the whole population was from 0.041 (6L3F8) -0.195 (Sat8). The mean FST was 0.099±0.010; the average of total inbreeding coeffient (FIT) was -0.004±0.052; the mean inbreeding coeffient among populations (FIS) was -0.114±0.050. The dendrogram by Unweighed Pair-Group Method with Arithmetic averaging (UPGMA) based on Neis genetic distance and Reynolds' genetic distance was similar. Seven populations were clustered into 4 groups. The Germany Angora Rabbit, American Rex Rabbit and Wan-line Angora Rabbit belonged to the first group; the New Zealand White Rabbit and Zika Rabbit were included in the second group; the Fujian Yellow Rabbit and Fujian Black Rabbit were clustered separately. The results suggested that the 15 microsatellite loci were effective markers for analysis of genetic relationships among rabbit populations.