Abstract: The aim of the study was to investigate the assessment of relation between prenatal care and the causes of neonatal mission at Tehran university hospitals. This research was retrospective study (case-control), study population was 150 mothers that their babies admitted to neonatal word or NICU and 150 mothers who gave birth a healthy baby as a control group. The analysis was based on data from the birth certificate files and mothers Variables included demographic characteristic and adequacy of prenatal care (based on ACOG standards), obstetrical history, past medical history and etc. Information obtained on the neonate included the cause of admission, 1 and 5 min Apgar scores and … The result regulated in the 36 tables and 2 diagrams. The most of mothers in the case and control groups obtained adequate (36%, 9.3%) or intermediate (35.3%, 36.7%) prenatal care. The least of mothers had adequate plus prenatal care (6.7%, 8.7%), also the amount of adequate prenatal care at 2 group case and control were 18.7%. The most cause of admission at NICUs or neonatal wards was Jaundice. The other causes were infection, respiratory complication and preterm labor. There was no statistically significant relationship between adequate of prenatal care and the admission of neonatal with jaundice (p = 0.98), preterm and post term labor and growth retardation (p = 0.19), medical disorders (p = 0.26) and minor malformation (p = 0.62). The only relationship was found with seizure, apnea and cyanotic attacks (p = 0.018) that mothers of this neonate compared with other neonates obtained fewer prenatal care. Only the adequacy of prenatal care don`t prevent adverse outcome at neonates. We must notice the quality of prenatal care.