Abstract: Sport between schools changed into a significant sport organization in last century. The general aim of supporting these organizations is either to provide well physical growing or their personality. In America, college sport started initially by rowing competition as unpretentious between students of Harvard and Yale Academy in 1852. Day by day, it changed into a significant sport organization. To carry out this sport organization systematically in 1920, a sport and activity programme, called NFHS in USA, which has 50 branch offices, serves 1,8500 school and 11 million student was used. The aim was to encourage students for sport by supporting school sport in USA. In Turkey, while generalizing the sport in base various projects were prepared and various organizations were arranged to direct the students to sport. Turkey School Sport Federation was founded by Centric Consultant Council of Youth and Sport General Management for the purpose of programming of all Ministry of Education Foundation’s sport activities in domestic and abroad, determining principals of sport activities, putting into force, on condition that educating a well generation and to increase the number of sportive to providing equipments of these activities and suchlike needs. In provinces, sport organizations between schools and in school were thought to be carried out by Ministry of Education, Physical Education, Intramural and Tracking General Management. It was provided that male-female 4 million students in categories of young, star performers and teenagers attended to intramural, local, group, semi-final and championship of Turkey first rank. The republic enacted various legislations, which encourage the sport and sportive. The republic tried to provide source and being a service area by creating various fund with GSGM law numbered 3289 but it could not be adequate. Having lots of branches in school for sport and equipments for this, to provide the expert trainer’s having duties in school can contribute to generalize the sport basically in the level of school except being a service area and transferring source.

INTRODUCTION

Sport between schools changed into a significant sport organization in last century. The general aim of supporting these organizations is either to provide well physical growing or their personality. In America, college sport started initially by rowing competition as unpretentious between students of Harvard and Yale Academy in 1852. Day by day, it changed into a significant sport organization. At first activities, which made for fun and then it turned into a significant sport activity in which successful sportive grew up. Leaders supported the sport programme in high school education for the purpose of increasing the grade of green of adolescents, who were tired physically and psychologically after world war 1. Day by day sport competitions between schools had significant popularization. Popularity of sportive students increased. Not only academic achievement but also sportive achievement was making the popularity increased. For this reason students started to consider sport for themselves, officials in schools started to consider it for increase their school’s popularity (Acker, 1990; Antonacopoulou and Tsoukas, 2002; Bailey, 1993; Evenson et al., 2009; Goral et al., 2009).

National Federation of state High School (NFHS) associations: NFHS is a sport and activity programme, which was founded in USA and it has 50 branch offices, serves 1,8500 school and 11 million student. The purpose of founding this federation is to provide awareness and support based on sport to increase their experience, to provide versatile flourishment in their education to create suitable and standard rules for competitions to help sportive activities during high-school and persons who are in the supervisory position (coach, trainer etc.). Educations based on sport and activities between schools were created and put into force by this federation. In Turkey to generalize the sport in base, various projects were prepared and various organizations were arranged to encourage the sudents for sport. To put these organizations into force Turkey School Sport Federations was founded. In provinces, sport organizations between schools and in school were thought to be carried out by Ministry of Education Physical Education Intramural and Tracking General Management (Caza, 2000; Dweck and Leggett, 1988; Fairclough and Stratton, 2005).

Turkey sport school federation: Turkey Sport School Federation was founded by Centric Consultant Council of Youth and Sport General Management for the purpose of programming of all Ministry of Education Foundation’s sport activities in domestic and abroad, determining principals of sport activities, putting into force, on condition that educating a well generation and to increase the number of sportive to providing equipments of these activities and suchlike needs during 2005's last months. In 2006, the country was represented by attending world championship of handball, table tennis, cross, volleyball and badminton between high schools and federation attended also GYMNASIADE games, which involves athleticism-gymnastic and swimming branches. The sportive were awarded with 2 golden, 16 silver, 3 bronze medal in championships, which we attended. In general assembly of ISF (International School sport Federation), which was carried out in 2006 June, the decision was taken that 2009 football and basketball championship between high schools will be carried out in Turkey (Demir, 2003; Koca and Demirhan, 2004; McNeill and Wang, 2005; Pate et al., 2000).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Instruction of ministry of education primary-secondary foundation’s sport competitions: Healthness, adventuresomeness, skillfulness, productiveness and developing a balanced personality of individual who forms the society, to sum up in developing and directing the body, mental, emotion and social capability in the light of national aims, physical education and its activities is most effective method. It is necessary that physical education and its activities should be changed into a indispensable habit in human life for the purpose of decreasing the depression and pressure on individuals, which were the result of developing technology, fast urbanization and the other life circumstances and to weaken the negative physical and moral effects of this on people in consequence to create a well society. Primary and secondary school students age groups are the best age groups in which this habit should be taken into account (Deny and Allen, 2004; Dowda et al., 2001; Harrison and Narayan, 2003).

The importance of physical education and sport activities was understood and accepted in the country. In the polity’s 59th section, it is stated that the republic take measures, which develop body and mental wellness of Turkish citizens in every age and encourage to convey the sport to big crowd of people. The republic protects the successful sportive. Education foundation will be a fundamental source for the country’s success in competitionship in world while generalizing the physical education and sport activities as an education-teaching fundamental device. It is necessary that approaching consciously and systematically to the subject for catching the countries who advanced in sport. The base of sportive pyramids is in totally school. Instructing the basic informations about sport, fixing the genious sportive will be carried out by these foundations. It is possible if a suitable sport atmosphere is created. Physical education and sport activities, which are the significant part of general education (Blessing, 2005; Boreham et al., 1997; Goral et al., 2009; Koca, 2009; Kocak et al., 2002):

This instruction includes formal and private competitions and their training, which will be carried out in school, province, country and abroad, formal and private primary-secondary schools in ministry of education and other schools, which are dependent on other ministries (Girginow and Sandanski, 2008; Goudas et al., 1994).

Sport training and competitions: Sportive training are practiced after lessons and competitions are organized between classes in every school. Schools attend local competitions, competitions between schools in branches, which they trained. The schools, which have success in local competitions, represent their school and province in Turkey championship according to ministries quota. School mixed teams, which includes individuals who are the first in Turkey championship have the chance to represent the country in competition, which is organized by international sport school federation (Butler, 1999; Carlson et al., 2008; Evans et al., 1997; Goral, 2008).

Sport competitions: Sport competitions are the competitions, which are carried out as individually and teamwork for the purpose of providing the becoming close friends between students, teaching to obey the rules to give importance to their leisure time, showing the training to other students, schools and conservator. These competitions divided into four main groups; intramural (between classes), between schools (local), group, semi-final, Turkey championship and international competitions (Dale et al., 1998; Freysinger and Ray, 1994; Knoppers, 1988).

Intramural competitions (between classes): Intramural competitions are organized competitions in which area, service area and equipments of school and its environment are taken into consideration according to the number of students and classes in school, students sex, age and body features (Fortier et al., 1995; Fox et al., 1994).

Competitions between school (local): Competitions between schools are the competitions in which the schools training are shown in provinces, the students and schools who present the province in country are defined, between all formal and private schools in the responsibility of Ministry of Education by the council of local schools (League committee); according to the instructions and programmes established by office presidency (Duda, 1989; DuRant et al., 1991).

Group, semi-final and Turkey championship competitions: Group, semi-final and Turkey championship competitions, which provide continuous competitions between classes and local sport activities in country and encouragement of activities, choosing the students and schools who will attend to ISF organization and suitable for the development of Turkish sport in the responsibility of office presidency and which are organized by the collaboration of Youth and Sport Centric Directorate, Sport Federations, Ministry of Education and Youth and Sport province’s directorate and which result with Turkey championship, group, semi-final (Demir, 2003; Henderson and Bialeschki, 1991; Knoppers, 1988; Koca and Demirhan, 2004).

International competitions (ISF): In these competitions, organized by international school sport federation, countries are presented by school team, which get the first rank in competitions or mixed teams, which includes individual sportive. Attendance to these competitions are carried out as a result of coordinations, which are made by Ministry and Youth and Sport Directorate. These competitions are organized according to principals and annual activities calender, which determined by ISF (Hovden, 2006; Katzmarzyk and Malina, 2000; Lee et al., 1999).

Sport branches: It is not possible that generalize the all sport branches in country and its competitions, as well. For this reason, competitions, which are suitable for training in school, wanted by the students, adopted branches with the traditional sport branches have priorities and competitions about the branches, which are suitable for capability of students will be organized. Competitions in suitable categories, the branch of spotted athleticisim, badminton, basketball, gymnastic, fencing, football, wrest, barbell, handball, judo, karate, ski, cross, table tennis, chess, taekwan do, tennis, volleyball, swimming will be carried out in 2008-09. Provinces can organize competitions in the branches, which Ministry did not organize competitions if the conditions are suitable (Katzmarzyk et al., 1998; Kikulis, 2000; Kirk, 1992; Lee et al., 2007).

Categories: School sport competitions are organized in 3 categories as suitable to students age, sex and physique features (Koca, 2009):

It was provided that male-female 4 million students in categories of youngers, star performers and teenagers attended to intramural, local, group, semi-final and championship of Turkey first rank. In school, sport training are carried out in youths, stars and adolescents, categories; athleticisim, badminton, basketball, gymnastic, fencing, football, wrest, barbell, handball, judo, karate, ski, cross, table tennis, chess, taek wan do, tennis, volleyball, swimming branches according to features of female-male and as individual and team training. About 45 group, 45 semi-final, 38 Turkey Championship are won in this competitions. Hearing disability school sport games in the category of youth and adolescents as 5 different branches; spotted athleticisim, football, basketball, table tennis, volleyball are organized by Ministry of Education (Koca, 2009; Kocak et al. 2002; Shaw and Penney, 2003; Shaw, 2006).

Dispersion of the sportive students who attended in youths-stars-adolescents category, female-male intramural, local group, semi-final and turkey championship according to years. About 3,050,000 students in 2003-2004 and 3,400,000 students in 2004-2005 joined sports branches, which are athleticisim, bad minton, basketball, boxing, gymnastic, table tennis, chess taek wan do, volleyball swimming, hearing disability, schools and sport games. On the other hand, 3,750,000 students in 2005-2006 and 4,000,000 students in 2006-2007 joined sports branches, which are athleticisim, badminton, basketball, boxing, gymnastic, fencing, football, handball, judo, karete, ski, table tennis, chess taek wan do, volleyball swimming, hearing disability, schools and sport games. The aims of Ministry of Education is to direct all students to branches according to their interests by increasing the number of female-male 4 million students who are in intramural, group, semi-final and Turkey championship competitions; youths, stars and adolescents categories (Demir, 2003; Koca and Demirhan, 2004; Losier and Vallerand, 1994).

Plans, which were made for development of sport in Turkey
Present situation in Turkey: In Turkey, 27% of population is the age group of 12-24. The rest of population includes middle age and aged population’s needs and also young population’s needs for sport is too much. Now-a-days developments in either science or technological and medicine increased the average limit of life. So the needs for sport are increasing. Chances to do sport is possible formally and firstly at sport clubs and schools for the people who needs sport. But, the number of sport club is 5988 in Turkey. About 4828 of this in football, 1160 in other branches are carried out. The proportion of sport club for the citizens is 10.455. It means that a sport club for 10.455 person, when we think as football branches there is a sport club for 12.967 person. When we proportionate the population of 82 provinces to sport club, while a sport club for 3874 person in Usak, a sport club for 14.004 person in Ankara and for 14.474 person in Istanbul. The biggest number of people for sport club according to population is in Kilis (36.681) and when we think person for sport club again especially Southeast Anatolia’s cities such as Kahramanmaras, Mardin, Sirnak, Van, Sanliurfa and Diyarbakir‘s conditions are not good. Yet, while generalization of sport for society constitute the first rank in the country’s policy just like in many different countries sport policy developed countries in sport were just about to end their policy. For example: while an individual in every 4 person is a member of sport club (21 million person) and 12 million person who are not the member of a sport club do sport and the success criteria of sport clubs are generalized to all populations in Germany. In this country, while the proportion of persons who does sport reaches to half of population in the country this proportion is 1-2% (Demir, 2003; Kocak et al., 2002; Koca and Demirhan, 2004).

The number of sportive in Turkey and dispersion of it according to proportions: The number of licenced sportive of present sport federation is 122.939. While proportion of sportive according to population is 509, this proportion is 148 in football branch. The total number of registered sportive to GSGM and football federation is 544.572. The proportion of it is 115 according to Turkey population. According to this proportion, an individual in 115 person do sport. Yalova has the better condition than other cities in Turkey when we calculate number of sportive for population and Kirklareli is the second city. When, we think as numberal Diyarbakir (375) and Sirnak (383) have the worst conditions in Turkey and the number of sportive for population of Izmir is 99, 107 in Istanbul, 153 in Ankara. According to these datums Ankara has not good proportion (Demir, 2003; Koca, 2009; Kocak et al., 2002).

The number of sport trainers in Turkey and dispersion of it according to proportions: About 13.976 coach have duty in the country in 37 sport branches. When we proportionate this number according to total number of sportive in the country a coach for 9 sportive, when we proportionate this number according to total population a coach for 4436 citizens in sport schools, which were founded for youngs and adolescents in every city by GSGM there is a coach for 40 students. This proportion increases in Southeast and Eastern Anatolia’s cities. For example: in Batman, there is a coach for 105 sport school, for 66 sport school in Bitlis, for 65 sport school in Adiyaman. This atmosphere is not suitable for a good sport education. The education, which is taught in the physical education and sport academy department in the universities, which has the biggest responsibility for the sport needs of society is not cheering. About 47 universities have 17.331 students and about 362 assistant professors have duty in these foundations. About 130 of them are members of school. According to these datums there is a member of school for 48 students and an assistant professor for 135 students. When, we take the truth into consideration that most of the assistant professors work in big cities such as Ankara, Istanbul and others, we can say that conditions of sport education is not good (Kocak et al. 2002; Malina, 1996; McKenzie et al., 1997; Nicaise et al., 2007).

The number of sport foundation in Turkey and dispersion of it according to proportions: In the country, there are 7972 sport foundations and 64 province services office. When, we calculate the proportion of dispersion of sport foundation for provinces and numbers of sportive in future, it is determined that the proportion of total population of Istanbul (9,061,096) for foundation is 161,800 and according to licenced sportive number is 1518. In Adiyaman, it is determined that the proportion of total population (684,339) for 30 foundations is 22,811 and according to licenced sportive (2114) is 71. It is understood that when we take this proportions into consideration, sport foundation is not enough and disbalanced. As a result, according to these proportions, 9% of Istanbul total population, 6% of Ankara, 3% of Adiyaman, 2% of Diyarbakir have the opportunity to do sport (Demir, 2003; Ntoumanis and Biddle, 1999; Goral and Caliskan, 2009).

Precautions taken by government: There are various precautions, which are should be taken by government for generalize and encourage the sport in a country. In the country, there are some laws to encourage people for sport. The republic tried find source by creating various fund except budget with GSGM law numbered 3289 and again gave additional authority, duty and obligation to local management, public and private foundation and GSGM has the responsibility for this. But, during 2000, increasing the management of public wealth and its effectiveness as permanently, practicing the economical constancy and struggles with inflation programme in the view of stand-by regulation, which was carried out with IMF, combinating the financial counting, for the purpose of providing financial reportments and theirs clearness Improve and Support fund, Encourage the Turkish Sport, fuel oil consumption fund and federations fund, which are GSGM’s financial wealths were refined. It is planned that the incomes of 3418 numbered law education, youth, sport and health tax will be added to general budget in the view of promise, which was given IMF about structural changes (Kocak et al., 2002; Ogden et al., 2006; Sartore and Cunningham, 2007; Shaw and Hoeber, 2003; Thibault and Babiak, 2005).

This law provide that public and private foundations, which have worker and officials >500 will build sport area AMD manage it, municipality and provincial management allocate their previous year’s income to youth and sport activities and it is provided that fund for the purpose of increasing the speed of federtion’s activities will be founded. In this period, an extra additional wealth is provided as a result of 3418 numbered law education, youth and sport tax, which was put in to force in 1988. The projects of give life with your name to sport foundations, which have not an end in its construction and 100 voluntaries-100 foundations were carried out between 2000-01 (Scanlan et al., 1993; Van Essen, 2003; Vilhjalmsson and Kristjansdottir, 2003).

Again 2001, supporterness law was put into force for the purpose of the supervision and control of all international sport organizations, which are organized by GSGM and building or repairing the sport foundations, which have not an end in its construct. This law, which is a huge wealth for GSGM, when privates foundations supplement are needed for sportive services and its activities being done by everyone in good conditions and opportunities does not includes the national organizations because, it may result with a lost in tax income. In this period, the republic provided the supplement of municipalities and provincial managements for local youth and sport activities and put the law 3418 numbered education, youth, sport and health service tax into force but republic refined the all funds, which creates a wealth for sport except republic’s budget by the stand-by regulation, which was carried out with IMF (Ross et al., 1985; Ryan and Deci, 2000a, b; Shimon, 2005; Skinner et al., 1999).

RESULTS

Republic has the responsibility to put sportive services and activities into forces to develop and generalize on country superficies for developing the body and mental health of every Turkish citizen via GSGM, which has connection with centric management. It means that if republic has the responsibility, sport is taught as a republic policy. But the republic wanted either, it should be carried out as a necessary service, which must be public duty and carried out by govern or provide necessary wealth to continue this service except the helps of republic store (Goral, 2008; Wang and Biddle, 2001; Koca, 2009).

Laws and instructions, which were put into force during TICI, TSK, BTGM and GSB for the purpose of wealth for sport were either abolished by another law after a, while or did not carried out by formal and private sector. But, there is always republic’s struggle for provide wealth for sport. At present, sport is managed by republic in a centralist manner in Turkey. But in some European country like France, Greece, England, Denmark and Holland sport is managed by federative organizations and voluntary foundations. Yet, it is known that transferred wealths to GSGM from republic budget is not adequate and GSGM’s could not exactly carried out micro plan, aims and sportive services and activities (Demir, 2003; Scanlan et al., 1993; Weinberg et al., 2000).

The 3289 numbered law foresee that it is asked that municipalities and provincial management should transfers 1% of their total previous year income to youth and sport presidency and total income and it should be spent for area’s field and foundation construction and continuous sport activities but firstly, these portions is not adequate and municipalities pay these portions from their own income and mostly this proportions were taken by the court. It is the proof of 1% proportion is not adequate, which is foreseen by 3289 numbered law that provincial management’s incomes for sport in 2000 and it is about 4 times of GSGM’s investment and municipalities illegal helps for professional sport club (Fairclough and Stratton 2005; Koca, 2009; Kocak et al., 2002).

While about all sport foundations in Holland and big portions of management costs were carried out by local management and again in some countries like France, Greece, England and Denmark they get maximum profit from local management in Turkey foreseeing of 1% proportion from municipalities and provincial management to GSGM’s provincial organization means that adequateness of local managements attendance to sportive financial. As a result, republic provided financial wealth for sport except republic budget and carried out public-private additional authority, duty and responsibility for the purpose of putting the sportive services into force, developing and generalize on country’s superficies but it cannot carried out this service exactly and adequately (Katzmarzyk and Malina, 2000; Koca and Demirhan, 2004; Sartore and Cunningham, 2007).

For the purpose of carrying out hoped sport service and activities, directive and encouraging, supportive and supervisory and so republic’s civil society organizations according to basis of sport service voluntariness, the sport finance should be provided by adopting a new model in which private and incorporated individuals have the sport federations, which is independent from centric management and sport clubs, which are the part of sport federations private and incorporated individuals and it should not be dependent on only relative ministry and GSGM, which have connections with ministry and it should be provided by combining with other ministries, public foundations, universitas, private sector foundations and voluntary foundations. The authority and responsibility of building field and foundations, handling, repairement and management should be given to local management. So, studies about management practices, increasing the financial wealth transfer and searching should be done immediately (Demir, 2003; Fox et al., 1994; Losier and Vallerand, 1994; Koca, 2009; Shaw, 2006).

DISCUSSION

Various approaches were carried out for the purpose of generalizing the sport and directing the student to sport in schools in Turkey but there were some problem, while practicing these approaches. The main functional sportive foundation of Turkey is Youth and Sport Presidency, which was founded by Ministry of State with the 3289 numbered law in 1986. The aim of this foundation was defined in law as providing consignment and control of physical education, games, gymnastic and sport activities, which provide citizens and students physical, moral, power and capability; putting the services about the giving importance to leisure time of youngs into force, regulating information and capability courses and taking the necessary precautions to protect the youngs from bad habits. Except football federation every federation is in this foundation. In addition, it support the school sport. This foundation makes the sport federation’s activities slower and this foundation is just like a obstacle for it. The main reason for having a big success of Turkey national team of Turkish football federation, which has autonomous structure in 2002 world cup is not being undercontrol of GSGM. GSGM was an obstacle with its wrong policies while generalizing the sport in society. For example: training wrestler center’s present situation is not cheering. Infrastructures of Turkish sport were destroyed. It did not build National Training and Education Center and encourage the national teams to camp in hotels. In the same way, it changed the sport foundation into symbolic foundation by making the sport and health centrals empty rather than make them developed. GSMG did not do enough wealth transfer except general budget. Present charitable funds do not do wealth transfer to Turkish sport (Koca, 2009; Kocak et al., 2002; Shaw and Hoeber, 2003; Slack and Hinings, 1992; Solmon, 2003).

Turkey needs to prepare a plan whose standard is the same European Union countries standard, reconstruction, to prepare a movement plan. In management of Turkish sport republic should be talent, rise itself to the occasion, provide financial fund and be controller of it. Turkish sport will have bad days in the future in international platforms with present management structure and its immediate manager’s management. Sport council, which are present in European Union countries are not present in the country. The duties of this council were stated in law, which was put in to force last period (Demir, 2003; Strong et al., 2005; Tammelin et al., 2003; White et al., 1998):

It is needed that this plan for law should be discussed in the view of European Union standard.

CONCLUSION

Local administration has not enough responsibility to generalize the sport. Municipalities will be more effective than the sport ministry when we think encouragement and development of sport in local grade. National olympiad committee is a representative committee, which has no organization in provincial except its central environment and whose aim is to develop, generalize and protect the amateur sport and sportive soul and olympiad movement. Clubs and other sport foundations have not enough responsibility in management of sport. Democratical organizations are prevented by making even the election of federation president undercontrol of GSGM (Koca and Demirhan, 2004; Taylor et al., 1999; Telama et al., 1997).

Suggestions for increasing the management practice and financial wealth: An increasment in incomes should be aimed by giving more authority and responsibility to provincial management with the model of local management by giving up GSGM’s bulky and centralist management. It should be provided to reach an autonomous structures in the view of managerial and financial in just like developed country in time by helping sport federation to be effective in itself. Necessary regulations, which overcome the bureaucratic obstacles about managerial and financial subject should be done. Icreasement of financial wealth should be provided by renewing the sponsor law as it will include national organization. Feasibility studies of projects, which were included to investment programme but have no bid should be evaluated according to today’s conditions and project number and burden of cost should be decreased by electing some studies, which are not suitable (Demir, 2003; Deny and Allen, 2004; Evenson et al., 2009; Kikulis, 2000).

New models, which will create wealth for investment and their finance should be created. There should be maximum profit from local management in building field and foundation, handling, repairing. Management of Spor-toto organization should be huge financement with a contemporary model in which combining the internet and suclike modern technology with various trade methods in a professional management. The proportion of incomes of Sport-toto organization for GSGM should increase 30% maximum. One percent proportion, which is taken from municipalities and provincial management should be 3% on annual budget by making necessary legal regulations. Funds, which are transferred to GSGM from republic budget should be 2% (Koca, 2009; Kocak et al., 2002; McKenzie et al., 1997; Ogden et al., 2006; Pate et al., 2000).

Suggestions for searchment: Suitableness of build-manage-transfer model should be searched in inert areas of field and foundation and investments to other parts. Transfer of a part of incomes of Ministry of Education, which were gained from supplement pay for education to GSGM for the purpose of being used in sport activities should be searched. The supplement of a foundation of committe or council for municipality or assistant of president who have the responsibility for sport services should be searched by making legal regulations. In the view of being authority and having responsibility while providing wealth for sport activities, all fields and foundations construction, handling, repairment and being managed, being planned and suitableness of transfer with a support from central for finance of municipalities and provincial managements should be searched. Suitableness of privatization on field and foundations should be searched for Turkey (Goral, 2008; Koca and Demirhan, 2004; Koca, 2009; Kocak et al., 2002; Lee et al., 2007; Ntoumanis and Biddle, 1999; Ogden et al., 2006).