References

AOAC, 1990. Official Methods of Analysis. 15th Edn., Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Washington, DC.

Beauchemin, K.A., 1991. Effects of dietary neutral detergent fiber concentration and alfalfa hay quality on chewing, rumen function and milk production of dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci., 74: 3140-3151.
Direct Link  |  

Beauchemin, K.A., B.I. Farr and L.M. Rode, 1991. Enhancement of the effective fiber content of barley based concentrates fed to dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci., 74: 3128-3135.

Cheng, K.J., C.W. Forsberg, H. Minato and J.W. Costerton, 1991. Microbial Ecology and Physiology of Feed Degradation within the Rumen. In: Physiological Aspects of Digestion and Metabolism in Ruminant, Suda, T., Y. Sasaki and R. Kawashima (Eds.). Academic Press, Toronto, ISBN: 0-12-702290-2, pp: 595-624.

Chumpawadee, S. and O. Pimpa, 2008. Effect of non forage high fibrous feedstuffs as fiber sources in total mixed ration on gas production characteristics and in vitro fermentation. Pak. J. Nutr., 7: 459-464.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Chumpawadee, S., A. Chantiratikul and P. Chantiratikul, 2007. Chemical compositions and nutritional evaluation of protein feeds for ruminant using in vitro gas production technique. Int. J. Agric. Technol., 3: 191-202.
Direct Link  |  

Chumpawadee, S., K. Sommart, T. Vongpralub and V. Pattarajinda, 2005. Nutritional evaluation of non forage high fibrous tropical feeds for ruminant using in vitro gas production technique. Pak. J. Nutr., 4: 298-303.
Direct Link  |  

Church, D.C., 1972. Digestive Physiology and Nutrition of Ruminants. Vol. 3, O and B. Books Inc., USA., ISBN: 978088133603, pp: 351.

Fernandez, C., P. Sanchez-Seiquer and A. Sanchez, 2003. Use of a totol mixed ration with three sources of protein as an alternative feeding for dairy goats on Southeast of Spain. Pak. J. Nutr., 2: 18-24.

Gencoglu, H. and I.I. Turkmen, 2006. Effects of forage source on chewing and rumen fermentation in lact-ating dairy cows. Rev. Med. Vet., 157: 463-470.

Grant, R.J., V.F. Colenbrander and D.R. Metens, 1990. Milk fat depression in dairy cows: Role of particle size of alfalfa hay. J. Dairy Sci., 73: 1823-1833.
Direct Link  |  

Grant, R.T., 1997. Interactions among forages and non forage fiber source. J. Dairy Sci., 80: 1438-1446.

Kawashima, T., W. Sumamal, P. Pholsen, R. Chaithang, W. Boonpakdee and F. Terada, 2003. Energy and nitrogen metabolism of Thai native cattle given ruzi grass hay with difference levels of soybean meal. Annual Research Report, Division of Animal Nutrition, Department of Livestock development, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperative, pp: 263-378.

Keady, T.W.J. and C.S. Mayne, 2001. The effect of concentrate energy source on feed intake and rumen fermentation parameters of dairy cows offered a range of grass silage. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 90: 117-129.

Milis, C. and D. Liamadis, 2007. Effect of protein levels, main protein and non forage fiber source on digestibility, N-balance and energy value of sheep rations. J. Anim. Vet. Adv., 6: 68-75.
Direct Link  |  

NRC., 1989. Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle. 6th Edn., National Academy Press, Washington, DC., USA., ISBN: 0309069971.

Oshita, T., K. Sudo, K. Nonaka, S. Kume and K. Ochiai, 2008. The effect of feed regimen on chewing time, digesta passage rate and particle size distribution in Holstein non lactating cows fed pasture ad libitum. Livestock Sci., 113: 243--250.
CrossRef  |  

Perdok, H.B. and R.A. Leng, 1990. Effect of supplementation with protein meal on the growth of cattle given a basal diet of untreated or ammoniated rice straw. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci., 3: 269-279.

Sanitwongnaayutaya, J., 2005. Used of tomato pomace as animal feed. Annual Report 2005 Division of Animal Feed, Department of Livestock Development, Ministry of Agricultural and Cooperative, Thailand, pp: 396-402.

Schneider, B.H. and W.P. Flatt, 1975. The Evaluation of Feed through Digestibility Experiments. The University of Georgia Press, Athens, USA.

Van Keulen, J. and B.A. Young, 1977. Evaluation of acid-insoluble ash as a natural marker in ruminant digestibility studies. J. Anim. Sci., 44: 282-287.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Wanapat, M. and O. Pimpa, 1999. Effect of ruminal NH₃-N levels on ruminal fermentation, purine derivatives, digestibility and rice straw intake in swamp buffaloes. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci., 12: 904-907.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Yang, W.Z. and K.A. Beauchemin, 2006. Effects of physically effective fiber on chewing activity and ruminal pH of dairy cows fed diets based on barley silage. J. Dairy Sci., 89: 217-228.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

van Soest, P.J., J.B. Robertson and B.A. Lewis, 1991. Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. J. Dairy Sci., 74: 3583-3597.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  Direct Link  |