References

Aganga, A.A., A.O. Aganga and U.J. Omphile, 2003. Ostrich feeding and nutrition. Pak. J. Nutr., 2: 60-67.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Aire, T.A., J.T. Soley and H.B. Groenewald, 2003. A morphological study of simple testicular cysts in the ostrich (Struthio camelus). Res. Vet. Sci., 74: 153-162.
CrossRef  |  

Angel, C.R., 1993. Age changes in digestibility of nutrients in ostriches and nutrient profiles of ostrich and emu eggs as indicators of nutritional status of the hen and chick. Proceeding of the Association Avian Veterinary.

Anshan, S., 1990. Effects of zinc and calcium levels in hen diets on fertility. Sci. Agric. Sin., 23: 82-86.

Badley, A.R., 1997. Fertility, hatchability and incubation of ostrich (Struthio camelus) eggs. Poult. Avian Biol. Rev., 8: 53-76.

Barney, G.H., M.C. Orgebin-Crist and M.P. Macapinalac, 1968. Genesis of esophageal parakeratosis and histologic changes in the testes of the zinc-deficient rat and their reversal by zinc repletion. J. Nutr., 95: 526-534.
PubMed  |  

Bertram, B.C.R. and A.E. Burger, 1981. Aspects of incubation in ostriches. Ostrich: J. Afr. Ornithol., 52: 36-43.
CrossRef  |  

Bertram, B.C.R., 1992. The Ostrich Communal Nesting System. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, USA.

Bezuidenhout, A.J., 1986. The topography of the thoraco-abdominal viscera in the ostrich (Struthio camelus). Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res., 53: 111-117.
Direct Link  |  

Bezuidenhout, A.J., J.T. Soley, H.B. Groenewald and W.P. Burger, 1995. Sperm-storage tubules in the vagina of the ostrich (Struthio camelus). Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res., 62: 193-199.
Direct Link  |  

Birkhead, T.R., 1988. Behavioural aspects of sperm competition in birds. Adv. Stud. Behav., 18: 35-72.

Birkhead, T.R., F.M. Hunter and J.E. Pellatt, 1989. Sperm competition in the zebra finch, Taeniopygia guttata. Anim. Behav., 38: 935-950.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Birkhead, T.R., L. Atkin and A.P. Moller, 1987. Copulation behaviour of birds. Behaviour, 101: 101-133.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Black, D., 1995. Trouble-shooting reproductive problems. Proceedings of the 5th Australian Ostrich Association Conference, (AOAC'95), Australian Ostrich Association, pp: 99-104.

Bonato, M., M.R. Evans and M.I. Cherry, 2009. Investment in eggs is influenced by male coloration in the ostrich (Struthio camelus). Anim. Behav., 77: 1027-1032.
CrossRef  |  

Brand, Z., S.W. Cloete, C.R. Brown and I.A. Malecki, 2007. Factors related to shell deaths during artificial incubation of ostrich eggs. J. S. Afr. Vet. Assoc., 78: 195-200.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Brand, Z., T.S. Brand and C.R. Brown, 2003. The effect of dietary energy and protein levels on production in breeding female ostriches. Br. Poult. Sci., 44: 598-606.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Bronneberg, R.G. and M.A. Taverne, 2003. Ultrasonography of the female reproductive organs in farmed ostriches (Struthio camelus sp.). Theriog, 60: 617-633.
Direct Link  |  

Bronneberg, R.G.G., J.A. Stegeman, J.C.M. Vernooij, S.J. Dieleman, E. Decuypere, V. Bruggeman and M.A.M. Taverne, 2007. Changes in numbers of large ovarian follicles, plasma luteinizing hormone and estradiol-17β concentrations and egg production figures in farmed ostriches throughout the year. Theriogenology, 67: 1492-1502.
Direct Link  |  

Bronneberg, R.G.G., M.A.M. Taverne and A. Pijpers, 1999. Reproduction in farmed ostriches: A veterinary approach. Proceedings of the 10th International Symposium on Tropical Animal Health and Production, Nov. 5-5, Utrecht University, The Netherlands, pp: 56-60.

Bronneberg, R.G.G., M.A.M. Taverne, S.J. Dieleman, E. Decuypere, V. Bruggeman, J.C.M. Vernooij and J.A. Stegeman, 2007. The relation between ultrasonographic observations in the oviduct and plasma progesterone, luteinizing hormone and estradiol during the egg laying cycle in ostriches. Domest. Anim. Endocrinol., 32: 15-28.
Direct Link  |  

Brown, C.R., D. Peinke and A. Loveridge, 1996. Mortality in near-term ostrich embryos during artificial incubation. Br. Poult. Sci., 37: 73-85.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Cabassi, C.S., S. Taddei, G. Predari, G. Galvani, F. Ghidini, E. Schiano and S. Cavirani, 2004. Bacteriologic findings in ostrich (Struthio camelus) eggs from farms with reproductive failures. Avian Dis., 48: 716-722.
Direct Link  |  

Charlesworth, D. and B. Charlesworth, 1987. Inbreeding depression and its evolutionary consequences. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst., 18: 237-268.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Christensen, V.L., G.S. Davis and L.A. Lucore, 1996. Eggshell conductance and other functional qualities of ostrich eggs. Poult. Sci., 75: 1404-1410.
Direct Link  |  

Cloete, S.W., H. Lambrechts, K. Punt and Z. Brand, 2001. Factors related to high levels of ostrich chick mortality from hatching to 90 days of age in an intensive rearing system. J. S. Afr. Vet. Assoc., 72: 197-202.
Direct Link  |  

Cloete, S.W.P., S.J. Schalkwyk van and Z. Brand, 1998. Ostrich breeding-progress towards a scientifically based strategy. Proceedings of the 2nd International Ratite Congress, Sept. 21-25, Oudtshoorn, South Africa, pp: 55-62.

De-Jong, B., 1994. Ostrich farming in the Netherlands. Muhle Mischfutter, 131: 617-618.

Deeming, D.C. and A. Ar, 1999. Factors Affecting the Success of Commercial Incubation. In: The Ostrich Biology, Production and Health, Deeming, D.C. (Ed.). CAB International, Cambridge, pp: 159-190.

Deeming, D.C., 1993. Possible effect of microbial infection on yolk utilisation in ostrich chicks. Vet. Rec., 136: 270-271.
Direct Link  |  

Deeming, D.C., 1993. The Incubation Requirements of Ostrich (Struthio camelus) Eggs and Embryos. In: Ostrich Odyssey, Bryden, D.I., (Ed). University of Sydney, Australia.

Deeming, D.C., 1995. Factors affecting hatchability during commercial incubation of ostrich (Struthio camelus) eggs. Br. Poult. Sci., 36: 51-65.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Deeming, D.C., 1996. Microbial spoilage of ostrich (Struthio camelus) eggs. Br. Poult. Sci., 37: 689-693.
Direct Link  |  

Deeming, D.C., 1996. Production, fertility and hatchability of ostrich (Struthio camelus) eggs on a farm in the United Kingdom. Anim. Sci., 63: 329-336.
Direct Link  |  

Deeming, D.C., 1999. The Ostrich: Biology, Production and Health. CAB International, Wallingford, UK., pp: 1-13.

Degen, A.A., S. Weil, A. Rosenstrauch, M. Kam and A. Dawson, 1994. Seasonal plasma levels of luteinizing and steroid hormones in male and female domestic ostriches (Struthio camelus). Gen. Comp. Endocrinol., 93: 21-27.
Direct Link  |  

Dzama, K., F. Mungate and J.H. Topps, 1995. Ostrich production in Zimbabwe: Summary of survey results. J. Applied Sci. S. Afr., 1: 142-146.

Dzoma, B.M. and K. Motshegwa, 2009. A retrospective study of egg production, fertility and hatchability of farmed ostriches in Botswana. Int. J. Poult. Sci., 8: 660-664.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Etches, R.J., 1990. The ovulatory cycle of the hen. Crit. Rev. Poult. Biol., 2: 293-318.

Foggin, C.M. and J. Honywill, 1992. Observations on the artificial incubation of ostrich (Struthio camelus var. domesticus) eggs with special reference to water loss. Zimbabwe Vet. J., 23: 81-89.

Fowler, M.E., 1991. Comparative clinical anatomy of ratites. J. Zoo Wildlife Med., 22: 204-227.
Direct Link  |  

French, N.A., 1997. Modeling incubation temperature: The effects of incubator design, embryonic development and egg size. Poult. Sci., 76: 124-133.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Golubkina, N.A. and T.T. Papazyan, 2006. Selenium distribution in eggs of avian species. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B: Biochem. Mol. Biol., 145: 384-388.

Gonzalez, A., D.C. Satterlee, F. Moharer and G.G. Cadd, 1999. Factors affecting ostrich (Struthio camelus) eggs hatchability. Poult. Sci., 78: 1257-1262.
Direct Link  |  

Gregor, J.L., 1988. Effect of Variations in Dietary Protein, Phosphorous, Electrolytes and Vitamin D on Calcium and Zinc Metabolism. In: Nutrient Interactions, Bodwell, C.E. and J.W. Erdman, Jr. (Eds.). Marcel Dekker Inc., New York.

Hassan, S.M., A.A. Siam, M.F. Mady and A.L. Cartwright, 2004. Incubation temperature for ostrich (Struthio camelus) eggs. Poult. Sci., 83: 495-499.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Hassan, S.M., A.A. Siam, M.F. Mady and A.L. Cartwright, 2005. Eggs storage, period and weight effects on hatchability of ostrich (Struthio camelus) eggs. Poult. Sci., 84: 1908-1912.
Direct Link  |  

Heaney, V. and P. Monaghan, 1995. Effect of frequency of ejaculation on semen characteristics in two breeds of Turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) raised in a tropical environment. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. B, 261: 361-365.
Direct Link  |  

Hemberger, M.Y., R. Hospes and H. Bostedt, 2001. Semen collection, examination and spermiogram in ostrich. Reproduct. Domest. Anim., 36: 241-243.
Direct Link  |  

Hicks, K.D., 1992. Ratite reproduction. Proc. Assoc. Avian Vet., 9: 318-325.

Hicks, K.D., 1993. Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine. In: Current Therapy, Fowler, M.E. (Ed.). W.B. Saunders, USA., pp: 203-206.

Hicks-Aldredge, K.D., 1996. Reproduction. In: Ratite Management, Medicine and Health, Tully, T.N. and S.M. Shane (Eds.). Krieger Publishing Co., Malabar, Florida, pp: 47-57.

Hicks-Alldredge, K.D., 1998. Ratite reproduction. Vet. Clin. North Am. Food Anim. Pract., 14: 437-453.

Horbanczuk, J.O., 2002. The history and current status of ostrich farming in Poland. Proceedings of the World Ostrich Congress, Sept. 26-29, Warsaw, Poland, pp: 7-13.

Huchzermeyer, F.W., 1996. Safe treatments include fumigation with potassium permanganate plus formalin or nest spraying with a suitable disinfectant. J. S. Afr. Vet. Assoc., 67: 2-7.

Ipek, A. and U. Sahan, 2004. Effect of breeder age and breeding season on egg production and incubation in farmed ostriches. Br. Poult. Sci., 45: 643-647.
Direct Link  |  

Jarvis, M.J.F., C. Jarvis and R.H. Keffen, 1985. Breeding seasons and laying patterns of the South African ostrich (Struthio camelus). Ibis, 127: 442-449.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Karaca, A.G., H.M. Parker, J.B. Yeatman and C.D. McDaniel, 2002. Role of seminal plasma in heat stress infertility of broiler breeder males. Poult. Sci., 81: 1904-1909.
Direct Link  |  

Kimwele, C.N. and J.A. Graves, 2003. A molecular genetic analysis of the communal nesting of the ostrich (Struthio camelus). Mol. Ecol., 12: 229-236.
Direct Link  |  

Lambrechts, H., D. Swart, S.W.P. Cloete, J.P.C. Greyling and S.J. van Schalkwyk, 2004. The influence of stocking rate and male: Female ratio on the production of breeding ostriches (Struthio camelus) under commercial farming conditions. S. Afr. J. Anim. Sci., 34: 87-96.
Direct Link  |  

Lambrechts, H., S.W.P. Cloete, D. Swart and A.P. Pfister, 2000. Influence of territorial aggressiveness of ostrich males on egg production of companion female ostriches. S. Afr. J. Anim. Sci., 30: 68-69.
Direct Link  |  

Lambrechts, H., S.W.P. Cloete, D. Swart, J.P.C. Greyling and S.J. van Schalkwyk, 2002. Preliminary results on the use of diagnostic ultrasonography as a management tool to quantify egg production potential in breeding ostrich (Struthio camelus) females. J. S. Afr. Vet. Assoc., 73: 48-52.
Direct Link  |  

Lambrechts, H., S.W.P. Cloete, D. Swart, S.J. van Schalkwyk and J.P.C. Greyling, 2002. Egg production and fertility of ostriches as influenced by stocking density and male: Female ratio. Proceedings of the 1st Joint Congress of Grassland Society of South Africa and South African Society of Animal Science, May 13-16, Christiana Aventura, South Africa, pp: 103-103.

Ley, D.H., R.E. Morris, J.E. Smallwood and M.R. Loomis, 1986. Mortality of chicks and decreased fertility and hatchability of eggs from a captive breeding pair of ostriches. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc., 189: 1124-1126.
Direct Link  |  

Madekurozwa, M.C., 2002. Progesterone and oestrogen receptor immunoreactivity in the vagina of the immature ostrich, Struthio camelus. Br. Poult. Sci., 43: 450-456.
Direct Link  |  

Madekurozwa, M.C., 2004. Immunohistochemical localization of the progesterone and oestrogen receptors in the shell gland of sexually immature ostriches (Struthio camelus) with active or inactive ovaries. Res. Vet. Sci., 76: 63-68.
CrossRef  |  

Madekurozwa, M.C., 2007. Ultrastructural features of the uterus in the sexually immature ostrich (Struthio camelus) during periods of ovarian inactivity and activity. Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res., 74: 209-216.
Direct Link  |  

Madekurozwa, M.C., T.S. Chabvepi, S. Matema and K.J. Teerds, 2002. Relationship between seasonal changes in spermatogenesis in the juvenile ostrich (Stuthio camelus) and the presence of the LH receptor and 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. Reproduction, 123: 735-742.
CrossRef  |  

Malecki, I.A. and G.B. Martin, 2002. Fertility of male and female emus (Dromaius novaehollandiae) as determined by spermatozoa trapped in eggs. Reprod. Fert. Dev., 14: 495-502.
CrossRef  |  

Malecki, I.A. and G.B. Martin, 2003. Distribution of spermatozoa in the outer perivitelline layer from above the germinal disc of emu and ostrich eggs. Reprod. Fert. Dev., 15: 263-268.
CrossRef  |  

Malecki, I.A. and G.B. Martin, 2003. Sperm supply and egg fertilization in the ostrich (Struthio camelus). Reprod. Domest. Anim., 38: 429-435.
Direct Link  |  

Malecki, I.A. and P.K. Rybnik, 2008. Artificial insemination of female ostriches using voluntary crouch. Aust. J. Exp. Agric., 48: 19-19.

Malecki, I.A., S.W.P. Cloete, W.D. Gertenbach and G.B. Martin, 2004. Sperm storage and duration of fertility in female ostriches. S. Afr. J. Anim. Sci., 34: 158-165.
Direct Link  |  

Mellet, F.D., 1993. Ostrich Production and Products. In: Livestock Production Systems, Principles and Practice, Maree C. and N.H. Casey (Eds.). Agriculture Development Foundation, Pretoria, pp: 187-194.

More, S.J., 1997. Monitoring the health and productivity of farmed ostrich flocks. Aust. Vet. J., 75: 583-587.
CrossRef  |  

More, S.J., 1996. The performance of farmed ostrich eggs in Eastern Australia. Prev. Vet. Med., 29: 91-106.
CrossRef  |  

Musara, C. and F. Dziva, 1999. Early embryonic mortality associated with Streptomyces infection in ostrich eggs. Zimbabwe Vet. J., 30: 33-38.
Direct Link  |  

Mushi, E.Z., J.F.W. Isa, R.G. Chabo, L. Modisa and P. Kono, 1999. Commercial ostrich farming in Botswana. S. Afr. J. Anim. Sci., 29: 262-262.
Direct Link  |  

Mushi, E.Z., M.J. Binta, R.G. Chabo and O. Galetshipe, 2008. Problems associated with artificial incubation and hatching of ostrich (Struthio camelus) eggs in Botswana. Res. J. Poult. Sci., 2: 21-26.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

NRC (National Research Council), 1994. Nutrient Requirements of Poult. 9th Edn., National Academy Press, Washington, DC., USA.

Nahm, K.H., 2001. Effects of storage length and weight loss during incubation on the hatchability of ostrich eggs (Struthio camelus). Poult. Sci., 80: 1667-1670.
Direct Link  |  

Navarro, J.L. and M.B. Martella, 2002. Reproductivity and raising of greater rhea (Rhea americana) and lesser rhea (Pterocnemia pennata): A review. Arch. Fur. Geflugelkunde, 66: 124-132.
Direct Link  |  

Park, S.Y., H.M. lee, K. Matsuda and C.W. Lim, 2001. Observation of the incubation of imported ostrich (Struthio camelus) eggs in a farm. Korean Vet. J., 24: 369-374.

Perelman, B., D. Fucks, D. Heller and M. Schonfeld, 2001. Nutrition related micrognathia in ostriches. Isr. J. Vet. Med., 56: 135-140.
Direct Link  |  

Philbey, A.W., C. Button, A.W. Gestier, B.E. Munro, J.R. Glastonbury, M. Hindmarsh and S.C. Love, 1991. Anasarca and myopathy in ostrich chicks. Aust. Vet. J., 68: 237-240.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Rahn, H., 1981. Gas exchange of avian eggs with special reference to Turkey eggs. Poult. Sci., 60: 1971-1980.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Rahn, H., R.A. Ackerman and C.V. Paganelli, 1977. Humidity in the avian nest and egg water loss during incubation. Physiol. Zool., 50: 269-283.
Direct Link  |  

Richards, P.D., A. Botha and P.A. Richards, 2002. Morphological and histochemical observations of organic components of ostrich egg shell. J. S. Afr. Vet. Assoc., 73: 13-22.
Direct Link  |  

Rozenboim, I., A. Navot, N. Snapir, A. Rosenstrauch, M.E. El-Halawani, G. Gvaryahu and A. Degen, 2003. Method for collecting semen from the ostrich (Struthio camelus) and some of its quantitative and qualitative characteristics. Br. Poult. Sci., 44: 607-611.

Rybnik, P.K., J.O. Horbanczuk, H. Naranowicz, E. Lukaszewicz and I.A. Malecki, 2007. Semen collection in the ostrich (Struthio camelus) using a dummy or a teaser female. Br. Poult. Sci., 48: 635-643.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Sahan, U., A. Ipek and B. Yilmaz 2004. Effects of storing temperature and position of storing eggs on hatchability of ostrich eggs. S. Afr. J. Anim. Sci., 33: 38-42.
Direct Link  |  

Shanawany, M.M., 1994. The importance of light for ostriches. Ostrich Update, 3: 52-54.

Shanawany, M.M., 1999. The breeding system. FAO Animal Production and Health Paper 144, pp: 67-68.

Sharp, P.J., 1996. Strategies in avian breeding cycles. Anim. Reprod. Sci., 42: 505-513.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Soley, J.T. and H.B. Groenewald, 1999. Reproduction. In: The Ostrich, Biology, Production and Health, Deeming, D.C. (Ed.). CABI Publishing, New York, pp: 144-145.

Somer, E., 1995. The Essential Guide to Vitamins and Minerals. Harper Perennial Publishers, New York, pp: 89-94.

Stewart, J.S., 1996. Hatchery Management in Ostrich Production. In: Ratite Management, Medicine and Surgery, Tully T.N. and S.M. Shane (Eds.). Krieger Publishing Co., Malabar, FL., pp: 59-67.

Swan, R.A. and O. Sicouri, 1999. Evidence of sperm storage in the female ostrich. Aust. Vet. J., 77: 649-650.
Direct Link  |  

Thornhill, N.W., 1993. The Natural History of Inbreeding and Outbreeding: Theoretical and Empirical Perspectives. Chicago University Press, Chicago.

Van Schalkwyk, S.J., S.W. Cloete, C.R. Brown and Z. Brand, 2000. Hatching success of ostrich eggs in relation to setting, turning and angle of rotation. Br. Poult. Sci., 41: 46-52.
Direct Link  |  

Van-Schalkwyk, S.J., S.W. Cloete and J.A. De Kock, 1996. Repeatability and phenotypic correlations for body weight and reproduction in commercial ostrich breeding pairs. Br. Poult. Sci., 37: 953-962.
PubMed  |  

Welsh, R.D., R.W. Nieman, S.L. VanHooser and L.B. Dye, 1997. Bacterial infections in ratites. Vet. Med., 11: 992-998.

Zahraddeen, D., I.S.R. Butswat, D.J.U. Kalla, S.M. Sir and M.T. Bukar, 2005. Effect of frequency of ejaculation on semen characteristics in two breeds of turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) raised in a tropical environment. Int. J. Poult. Sci., 4: 217-221.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |