References

Armentano, L.E., S.J. Bertics and G.A. Ducharme, 1997. Response of lactating cows to methionine or methionine plus lysine added to high protein diets based on alfalfa and heated soybeans. J. Dairy Sci., 80: 1194-1199.
CrossRef  |  

Bell, A.W., 1995. Regulation of organic nutrient metabolism during transition from late pregnancy to early lactation. J. Anim. Sci., 73: 2804-2819.
PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Blanchard, T., J. Ferguson, L. Love, T. Takeda, B. Henderson, J. Hasler and W. Chalupa, 1990. Effect of dietary crude-protein type on fertilization and embryo quality in dairy cattle. Am. J. Vet. Res., 51: 905-908.
PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Broderick, G.A. and W.J. Radloff, 2004. Effect of molasses supplementation on the production of lactating dairy cows fed diets based on alfalfa and corn silage. J. Dairy Sci., 87: 2997-3009.

Broderick, G.A., 2003. Effect of varying dietary protein and energy levels on the production of lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci., 86: 1370-1381.
PubMed  |  

Butler, W.R., 2003. Energy balance relationships with follicular development, ovulation and fertility in postpartum dairy cows. Livestock Prod. Sci., 83: 211-218.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Butler, W.R., J.J. Calaman and S.W. Beam, 1996. Plasma and milk urea nitrogen in relation to pregnancy rate in lactating dairy cattle. J. Anim. Sci., 74: 858-865.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Carroll, D.J., F.R. Hossain and M.R. Keller, 1994. Effect of supplemental fish meal on the lactation and reproductive performance of dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci., 77: 3058-3072.
Direct Link  |  

Cunningham, K.D., M.J. Cecava, T.R. Johnson and P.A. Ludden, 1996. Influence of source and amount of dietary protein on milk yield by cows in early lactation. J. Dairy Sci., 79: 620-630.
PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

De Vries, M.J. and R.F. Veerkamp, 2000. Energy balance of dairy cattle in relation to milk production variables and fertility. J. Dairy Sci., 83: 62-69.
PubMed  |  

Docherty, K. and A.R. Clark, 1994. Nutrient regulation of insulin gene expression. FASEB J., 8: 20-27.
Direct Link  |  

Drackley, J.K., T.R. Overton and G.N. Douglas, 2001. Adaptations of glucose and long-chain fatty acid metabolism in liver of dairy cows during the periparturient period. J. Dairy Sci., 84: E100-E112.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Duffield, T.F., K.D. Lissemore, B.W. McBride and K.E. Leslie, 2009. Impact of hyperketonemia in early lactation dairy cows on health and production. J. Dairy Sci., 92: 571-580.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Flis, S.A. and M.A. Wattiaux, 2005. Effects of parity and supply of rumen-degraded and undegraded protein on production and nitrogen balance in holsteins. J. Dairy Sci., 88: 2096-2106.
Direct Link  |  

Francisco, C.C., C.S. Chamberlain, D.N. Waldner, R.P. Wettemann and L.J. Spicer, 2002. Propionibacteria fed to dairy cows: Effects on energy balance, plasma metabolites and hormones and reproduction. J. Dairy Sci., 85: 1738-1751.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Garnsworthy, P.C. and J.H. Topps, 1982. The effect of body condition of dairy cows at calving on their food intake and performance when given complete diets. Anim. Prod., 35: 113-119.
Direct Link  |  

Garnsworthy, P.C., 2007. Body Condition Score in Dairy Cows: Targets for Production and Fertility. In: Recent Advances in Animal Nutrition-2006, Garnsworthy, P.C. and J. Wiseman, (Eds.). Nottingham University Press, Nottingham, UK, pp: 61-86.

Garnsworthy, P.C., A. Lock, G.E. Mann, K.D. Sinclair and R. Webb, 2008. Nutrition, metabolism and fertility in dairy cows: 1. Dietary energy source and ovarian function. J. Dairy Sci., 91: 3814-3823.
CrossRef  |  

Gillund, P., O. Reksen, Y.T. Grohn and K. Karlberg, 2001. Body condition related to ketosis and reproductive performance in Norwegian dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci., 84: 1390-1396.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Grummer, R.R. and D.J. Carroll, 1988. A review of lipoprotein cholesterol metabolism: Importance to ovarian function. J. Anim. Sci., 66: 3160-3173.
Direct Link  |  

Grummer, R.R., K. Slark, S.J. Bertics, M.L. Luck and J.A. Barmore, 1996. Soybeans versus animal sources of rumen-undegradable protein and fat for early lactation dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci., 79: 1809-1816.
Direct Link  |  

Ingvartsen, K.L., 2006. Feeding- and management-related diseases in the transition cow: Physiological adaptations around calving and strategies to reduce feeding-related diseases. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 126: 175-213.
CrossRef  |  

Ipharraguerre, I.R. and J.H. Clark, 2005. Impacts of the source and amount of crude protein on the intestinal supply of nitrogen fractions and performance of dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci., 88: E22-E37.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Khorasani, G.R., G.D.E. Boer and J. Kennelly, 1996. Response of early lactation cows to ruminally undegradable protein in the diet. J. Dairy Sci., 79: 446-453.
PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Lal, H. and K. Chugh, 1995. Metabolic and regulatory effects of branched chain amino acid supplementation. Nutr. Res., 15: 1717-1733.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Langer, S. and M.F. Fuller, 2004. Interactions among the branched chain amino acids and their effects on methionine utilization in growing pigs: Effects on nitrogen retention and amino acid utilization. Br. J. Nutr., 83: 43-48.
Direct Link  |  

Law, R.A., F.J. Young, D.C. Patterson, D.J. Kilpatrick, A.R.G. Wylie and C.S. Mayne, 2009. Erratum to effect of dietary protein content on animal production and blood metabolites of dairy cows during lactation. J. Dairy Sci., 92: 1827-1827.
CrossRef  |  

Le Floc'h, N., D. Melchior and C. Obled, 2004. Modifications of protein and amino acid metabolism during inflammation and immune system activation. Livest. Prod. Sci., 87: 37-45.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

NRC, 2001. Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle. 7th Edn., National Academy Press, Washington, DC, ISBN: 978-0-309-06997-7, Pages: 405.

Phillips, G.J., T.L. Citron, J.S. Sage, K.A. Cummins, M.J. Cecava and J.P. McNamara, 2003. Adaptations in body muscle and fat in transition dairy cattle fed differing amounts of protein and methionine hydroxy analog. J. Dairy Sci., 86: 3634-3647.
Direct Link  |  

Plaizier, J.C., A. Martin, T. Duffield, R. Bagg, P. Dick and B.W. McBride, 2000. Effect of a prepartum administration of monensin in a controlled-release capsule on apparent digestibilities and nitrogen utilization in transition dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci., 83: 2918-2925.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Pryce, J.E., M.D. Royal, P.C. Garnsworthy and I.L. Mao, 2004. Fertility in high-producing dairy cow. Livest. Prod. Sci., 86: 125-135.
CrossRef  |  

SAS Institute, 2003. SAS/STAT® user's guide. Version 9.1 Edn., SAS Inst., Inc., Cary, NC.

Santos, J.E.P., J.T. Huber, C.B. Theurer, L.G. Nussio, M. Tarazon and F.A.P. Santos, 1999. Response of lactating dairy cows to steam-flaked sorghum, steam-flaked corn, or steam-rolled corn and protein sources of differing degradability. J. Dairy Sci., 82: 728-737.
PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Schwab, C.G. and G.N. Foster, 2009. Maximizing milk components and metabolizable protein utilization through amino acid formulation. Proceedings of the Cornell Nutrition Conference for Feed Manufacturers, October 20-22, 2009, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY., USA., pp: 1-15.

Schwab, C.G., 1995. Protected Proteins and Amino Acids for Ruminants. In: Biotechnology in Animal Feeds and Animal Feeding. Wallance, R.J. and A. Chesson, (Eds.). VCH, Wenheim, Germany, pp: 115-141.

Sejrsen, K., T. Hvelplundand and M.O. Nielson, 2006. Ruminant Physiology: Digestion, Metabolism and Impact of Nutrition on Gene Expression, Immunology and Stress. Wageningen Academic Publishers, Wageningen, The Netherlands, ISBN-13: 9789076998640, Pages: 600.

Spicer, L.J., R.K. Vernon, W.B. Tucker, R.P. Wettemann, J.F. Hogue and G.D. Adams, 1993. Effects of inert fat on energy balance, plasma concentrations of hormones and reproduction in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci., 76: 2664-2673.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Staples, C.R., J.M. Burke and W.W. Thatcher, 1998. Influence of supplemental fats on reproductive tissues and performance of lactating cows. J. Dairy Sci., 81: 856-871.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Stevenson, J.S., Y. Kobayashi and K.E. Thompson, 1999. Reproductive performance of dairy cows in various programmed breeding systems including Ovsynch and combinations of gonadotropin releasing hormone and prostaglandin F_2α. J. Dairy Sci., 82: 506-515.
Direct Link  |  

Van Amburgh, M.E., T.R. Overton, L.E. Chase, D.A. Ross and E.B. Recktenwald, 2009. The Cornell net carbohydrate and protein system: Current and future approaches for balancing of amino acids. Proceedings of the Cornell Nutrition Conference for Feed Manufacturers, October 20-22, 2009, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY., USA., pp: 28-37.

Van Knegsel, A.T.M., H. van Den-Brand, J. Dijkstra, W.M. van Straalen, M.J.W. Heetkamp, S. Tamminga and B. Kemp, 2007. Dietary energy source in dairy cows in early lactation: Energy partitioning and milk composition. J. Dairy Sci., 90: 1467-1476.
Direct Link  |  

Wheeler, J.G., H.E. Amos, M.A. Froetschel, J.C. Coomer, T. Maddox and J.M. Fernandez, 1995. Responses of early lactation cows fed winter and summer annual forages and undegradable intake protein. J. Dairy Sci., 78: 2767-2781.
PubMed  |  Direct Link  |