References

Ahola, I.S.E., 1999. Motivational Foundations of Leisure. In: Leisure Studies: Prospects of the 21st Century, Jackson, E.L. and T.L. Burton (Eds.). Venture Publishing Inc, Pennsylvania, USA., pp: 35-51.

Alexandris, K. and B. Carroll, 1997. An analysis of leisure constraints based on different recreational sport participation levels: Results from a study in Greece. Leisure Sci., 19: 1-15.
Direct Link  |  

Alexandris, K. and B. Carroll, 1997. Demographic differences in the perception of constraints on recreational sport participation: Results from a study in Greece. Leisure Stud., 16: 107-125.
Direct Link  |  

Alexandris, K., C. Tsorbatzoudis and G. Grouios, 2002. Perceived constraints on recreational sport participation: Investigating their relationship with intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation and amotivation. J. Leisure Res., 34: 233-252.
Direct Link  |  

Barbara, A.H., P. Joanne, H. Chih-Mou and J.E. Susan, 1999. Leisure constraints: A replication and extension of construct development. Leisure Sci., 21: 179-192.
CrossRef  |  

Carroll, B. and K. Alexandris, 1997. Perception of constraints in strength of motivation: Their relationship to recreational sport participation in Greece. J. Leisure Res., 29: 279-299.
Direct Link  |  

Cengiz, C., M.L. Ince and S. Cicek, 2009. Exercise stages of change in Turkish university students by sex, residence and department. Perceptual Motor Skills, 108: 411-421.
PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Crawford, D.W. and G. Godbey, 1987. Reconceptualizing barriers to family leisure. Leisure Sci., 9: 119-127.
Direct Link  |  

Crawford, D.W., E.L. Jackson and G. Godbey, 1991. A hierarchical model of leisure constraints. Leisure Sci., 13: 309-320.
Direct Link  |  

DOHHS. U.S., 1999. Promoting physical activity: A guide for community action. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Champaign, Illinois.

Davoudi, K., 2012. Sport needs of students with extracurricular activities related programs offered at public universities in Tehran, Iran. MA Thesis, Allameh Tabataba'i University, Tehran, Iran.

Ehsani, M., 2003. The study of sports activities constraining factors of female students participation. MS Thesis, Islamic Azad University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran.

Farmanbar, R., S. Niknami, A. Heydarnia, E. Hajizadeh and D.R. Lubans, 2009. Predicting exercise behavior among Iranian college students using the Transtheoretical Model and structural equation modeling. Eur. J. Sci. Res., 31: 355-365.
Direct Link  |  

Gharakhanlou, R., 2003. A page of comprehensive plan of exercise. Anal. Sci. Mon. Mag. Coll. Sports, 18: 14-23.

Guinn, B. and V. Vincent, 2008. Leisure-time physical activity barriers among border Mexican American women. Am. J. Health Stud., 23: 9-16.
Direct Link  |  

Harrolle, M.G., M.F. Floyd, J.M. Casper, K.E. Kelley and C.M. Bruton, 2013. Physical activity constraints among Latinos: Identifying clusters and acculturation differences. J. Leisure Res., 45: 74-90.
Direct Link  |  

Hubbard, J. and R.C. Mannell, 2001. Testing competing models of the leisure constraint negotiation process in a corporate employee recreation setting. Leisure Sci.: Interdiscip. J., 23: 145-163.
CrossRef  |  

Humpel, N., N. Owen and E. Leslie, 2002. Environmental factors associated with adults’ participation in physical activity: A review. Am. J. Preventive Med., 22: 188-199.
Direct Link  |  

Jackson, E.L. and T.L. Burton, 1999. Leisure studies prospects for the 21st century. Venture Publishing Inc, Pennsylvania, USA., ISBN:1892132036,.

Jackson, E.L., 1991. Leisure constraints-constrained leisure: Special issue introduction. J. Leisure Res., 23: 279-285.
Direct Link  |  

Jackson, E.L., D.W. Crawford and G.C. Godbey, 1993. Negotiation of leisure constraints. Leisure Sci., 15: 1-11.
CrossRef  |  

Karimiyan, J., A. Feizi, W. Javan, Z.P. Shekarchi and S. Torkian, 2011. Determining the pattern of constraining factors employees from participation in activities in Isfahan teaching hospitals based on a hierarchical model of leisure. Health Syst. Res., 4: 1-9.

Kay, T. and G. Jackson, 1991. Leisure despite constraint: The impact of leisure constraints on leisure participation. J. Leisure Res., 23: 301-313.
Direct Link  |  

Kerstetter, D.L., C.M. Yarnal, J.S. Son, I.Y. Yen and B.S. Baker, 2008. Functional support associated with belonging to the Red Hat Society, a leisure-based social network. J. Leisure Res., 40: 531-555.
Direct Link  |  

Keshkr, S. and M. Ehsani, 2007. A study of the importance of women constraining factors from participation in recreational sports according to individual characteristics variable Tehran, Iran. Women's Stud., 2: 113-134.

Mannell, R.C. and D.A. Kleiber, 1997. A Social Psychology of Leisure. Venture Publishing Inc, Pennsylvania, USA., ISBN:0910251886,.

Mannell, R.C. and L.A. Atkinson, 2005. Why don’t People do What’s good for them? Cross-Fertilization among the Psychologies of Nonparticipation in Leisure, Health and Exercise Behaviors. In: Constraints to Leisure, Jackson, E.L. (Ed.). Venture Publishing Inc, Pennsylvania, USA., ISBN:9781892132543, pp: 221-232.

Mansfield, E.D., N. Ducharme and K.G. Koski, 2012. Individual, social and environmental factors influencing physical activity levels and behaviours of multiethnic socio-economically disadvantaged urban mothers in Canada: A mixed methods approach. Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Activity, 9: 42-42.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

McLeroy, K.R., D. Bibeau, A. Steckler and K. Glanz, 1988. An ecological perspective on health promotion programs. Health Educ. Behav., 15: 351-377.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

NCHS., 2004. Health behaviors of adults: 2000-2001. National Center for Health Statistics, Hyattsville, Maryland.

Nicolau, J.L., 2011. Monetary and non-monetary efforts for leisure activities. Ann. Tourism Res., 38: 801-819.
Direct Link  |  

Patterson, T.S., 2001. Constraints: An integrated viewpoint. Illuminare, 7: 30-38.
Direct Link  |  

Raymore, L., G. Godbey, D.W. Crawford and A. Von Eye, 1993. Nature and process of leisure constraints: An empirical test. Leisure Sci., 15: 99-113.
CrossRef  |  

Rezaei, S.M., 2005. The study of leisure time status of high school students and its relationship with cultural and sports facilities in Rasht City. Iran Payke Noor J., 15: 98-105.

Sallis, J.F., M.F. Hovell, C.R. Hofstetter, P. Faucher and J.P. Elder et al., 1989. A multivariate study of determinants of vigorous exercise in a community sample. Preventive Med., 18: 20-34.
PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Samdahl, D.M. and N.J. Jekubovich, 1997. A critique of leisure constraints: Comparative analyses and understandings. J. Leisure Res., 29: 430-452.
Direct Link  |  

Scott, D., 1991. The problematic nature of participation in contract bridge: A qualitative study of group related constraints. Leisure Sci., 13: 321-336.
Direct Link  |  

Sedarati, M., 2005. The survey of women's access to sports products and services across the country. Master Thesis, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran.

Sener, I.N., N. Eluru and C.R. Bhat, 2010. On jointly analyzing the physical activity participation levels of individuals in a family unit using a multivariate copula framework. J. Choice Modell., 3: 1-38.
Direct Link  |  

Shaw, S.M., A. Bonen and J.F. McCabe, 1991. Do more constraints mean less leisure? Examining the relationship between constraints and participation. J. Leisure Res., 23: 286-300.
Direct Link  |  

Taymoori, P., S. Niknami, T. Berry, F. Ghofranipour and A. Kazemnejad, 2009. Application of the health promotion model to predict stages of exercise behaviour in Iranian adolescents. Eastern Mediterranean Health J., 15: 1215-1225.
Direct Link  |  

Torkildsen, G., 1992. Leisure and Recreation Management. E and FN Spon, London, pp: 463.

WHO., 2003. Constraint to the development of regular practice of physical activity. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.