References

AOAC, 1990. Official Methods of Analysis of Association of Official Analytical Chemists. 13th Edn., AOAC, Washington, DC., USA., pp: 1018.

Andlid, T., R.V. Juarez and L. Gustafsson, 1995. Yeast colonizing the intestine of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) and turbot (Scophtalmus maximus). Microb. Ecol., 30: 321-334.
Direct Link  |  

Balcazar, J.L., 2003. Evaluation of probiotic bacterial strains in Litopenaeus vannamei. Final Report, National Center for Marine and Aquaculture Research, Guayaquil, Ecuador.

Balcazar, J.L., I. de Blas, I. Ruiz-Zarzuela, D. Cunningham, D. Vendrell and J.L. Muzquiz, 2006. The role of probiotics in aquaculture. Vet. Microbiol., 114: 173-186.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Bogut, I., Z. Milakovic, Z.I. Bukvic, S. Brkic and R. Zimmer, 1998. Influence of probiotic (Streptococcus faecium M74) on growth and content of intestinal microflora in carp (Cyprinus carpio). Czech J. Anim. Sci., 43: 231-235.
Direct Link  |  

Burr, G., D. Gatlin and S. Ricke, 2005. Microbial ecology of the gastrointestinal tract of fish and the potential application of prebiotics and probiotics in finfish aquaculture. J. World Aquat. Soc., 36: 425-436.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Cappellaro, H.L., L. Gennari and G. Brambilla, 1993. Artemia salina as medicated feed for marine fry. Boll. Soc. Italy Patol., 55: 29-29.

Deeseenthum, S., V. Leelavatcharamas and J.D. Brooks, 2007. Effect of feeding Bacillus sp. as probiotic bacteria on growth of giant freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii de Man). Pak. J. Biol. Sci., 10: 1481-1485.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Erickson, K.L. and N.E. Hubbard, 2000. Probiotic immunomodulation in health and disease. J. Nutr., 130: 403-409.
PubMed  |  

Fazeli, Z. and G. Azari-Takami, 2006. The best time and concentration for yeast probiotic enrichment of Artemia urmiana Nauplii. Pak. J. Biol. Sci., 9: 2159-2161.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Fazeli, Z., G. Azari-Takami and S.A. Fazeli, 2008. Effects of yeast probiotic (Thepax) enrichment on biochemical parameters of A. urmiana Naupli. Pak. J. Biol. Sci., 11: 643-647.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Fuller, R., 1989. Probiotics in man and animals. J. Applied Bacteriol., 66: 365-378.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Gatesoupe, F.J., 2008. Updating the importance of lactic acid bacteria in fish farming: Natural occurrence and probiotic treatments. J. Mol. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 14: 107-114.
PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Gomez-Gill, B., M.A. Herrera-Vega, F.A. Abreue-Grobios and A. Rogue, 1998. Bioencapsulation of two different vibrio species in nauplii of brine shrimp (Artemia franciscana). Applied Environ. Microbial., 64: 2318-2322.

Hafezieh, M., M.S. Kamarudin and N. Agh, 2008. Nutritional enhancement of total lipid, n-3 and n-6 fatty acids in Artemia urmiana Nauplii by enriching with ICES/30/4. Pak. J. Biol. Sci., 11: 2167-2170.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Hansen, G.H. and J.A. Olafsen, 1999. Bacterial interactions in early life stages of marine cold water fish. Microb. Ecol., 38: 1-26.
CrossRef  |  

Hovda, M.B., M. Sivertsvik, B.T. Lunestad, G. Lorentzen and J.T. Rosnes, 2007. Characterization of the dominant bacterial population in modified atmosphere packaged farmed halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus) based on 16SrDNA-DGGE. Food Microbiol., 24: 362-371.
CrossRef  |  

Irianto, A. and B. Austin, 2002. Probiotics in aquaculture. J. Fish Dis., 25: 633-642.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Jafaryan, H., V. Chamanara, S. Papi and S. Khojamlii, 2009. Use of baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and probiotic bacillus on the growth performance in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) larvae. Proceedings of the Aqucultue Europe, August 14-17, 2009, Trondheim, Norway, pp: 280-281.

Kesarcodi-Watson, A., H. Kaspar, M.J. Lategan and L. Gibson, 2008. Probiotics in aquaculture: The need, principles and mechanisms of action and screening processes. Aquaculture, 274: 1-14.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Keskin, M. and H. Rosenthal, 1994. Pathways of bacterial contamination during egg incubation and larval rearing of turbot, Scophthalmus maximus. J. Applied Ichthyol., 10: 1-9.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Lara-Flores, M., M.A. Olvera-Novoa, B.E. Guzman-Mendez and W. Lopez-Madrid, 2003. Use of the bacteria Streptococcus faecium and Lactobacillus acidophilus and the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae as growth promoters in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Aquaculture, 216: 193-201.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Makridis, P., A. Fjllheim, J. Skjermoj and O. Vadstein, 2000. Colonization of the gut in first feeding turbot by bacterial strains added to the water or bioencapsulation in rotifers. Aquacult. Int., 8: 367-380.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Merrifield, D.L., A. Dimitroglou, A. Foey, S.J. Davies and R.T.M. Baker et al., 2010. The current status and future focus of probiotic and prebiotic applications for salmonids. Aquaculture, 302: 1-18.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Michels, E. and D. Mesters, 1998. The influence of food quality on the phototactic behaviour of Artemia urmiana Straus. Hydrobiologia, 379: 199-206.

Nogami, K. and M. Maeda, 1992. Bacteria as biocontrol agents for rearing larvae of the crab Portunus trituber culatus. Can. J. Fish Aquat. Sci., 4: 2373-2376.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Noh, H., K.I. Han, T.H. Won and Y.J. Choi, 1994. Effect of antibiotics, enzymes, yeast culture and probiotics on the growth performance of Israeli carp. Korean J. Anim. Sci., 36: 480-486.

Olafsen, J.A. and G.H. Hansen, 1992. Intact antigen uptake in intestinal epithelial cells of marine fish larvae. J. Fish Biol., 40: 141-156.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Oliva-Teles, A. and P. Goncalves, 2001. Partial replacement of fishmeal by berewers yeast (Saccaromyces cerevisiae) in diets for sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) juveniles. Aquaculture, 202: 269-278.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Olsen, Y., 1997. Larval rearing technology of marine species in Norway. Hydrobiologia, 358: 27-36.
Direct Link  |  

Picchietti, S., M. Mazzini, A.R. Taddei, R. Renna and A.M. Fausto et al., 2007. Effects of administration of probiotic strains on GALT of larval gilthead seabream: Immunohistochemical and ultrastructural studies. Fish Shellfish Immunol., 22: 57-67.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Ringo, E., T.H. Birkbeck, P.O. Munro, O. Vadstein and K. Hjelmeland, 1996. The effect of early exposure to Vibrio pelagius on the aerobic bacterial flora of turbot, Scophthalmus maximus (L.) larvae. J. Applied Microbiol., 81: 207-211.
CrossRef  |  

Rollo, A., R. Sulpizio, M. Nardi, S. Silvi and C. Orpianesi et al., 2006. Live microbial feed supplement in aquaculture for improvement of stress tolerance. Fish Physiol. Biochem., 32: 167-177.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Silvi, S., M. Nardi, R. Sulpizio, C. Orpianesi, M. Caggiano, O. Carnevali and A. Cresci, 2008. Effect of the addition of Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. delbrueckii on the gut microbiota composition and contribution to the well-being of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax, L.). Microb. Ecol. Health Dis., 20: 53-59.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Smith, P. and S. Davey, 1993. Evidence for the competitive exclusion of Aeromonas salmonicida from fish with stress-inducible furunculosis by a fluorescent pseudomonad. J. Fish Dis., 16: 521-524.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Sorgeloos, P., E. Bossuyt, E. Lavina, M. Baeza-Mesa and G. Persoone, 1977. Decapsulation of Artemia cysts: A simple technique for the improvement of the use of brine shrimp in aquaculture. Aquaculture, 12: 311-315.

Tovar, D., J. Zambonino, C. Cahu, F.J. Gatesoupe, R. Vazquez-Juarez and R. Lesel, 2002. Effect of live yeast incorporation in compound diet on digestive enzyme activity in sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) larvae. Aquaculture, 201: 113-123.
CrossRef  |  

Tovar-Ramirez, D., J.Z. Infante, C. Cahu, F.J. Gatesoupe and R. Vazquez-Juarez, 2004. Influence of dietary live yeast on European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) larval development. Aquaculture, 234: 415-427.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Verschuere, L., G. Rombaut, P. Sorgeloos and W. Verstraete, 2000. Probiotic bacteria as biological control agents in aquaculture. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev., 64: 655-671.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Villamil, L., C. Tafalla, A. Figueras and B. Novoa, 2002. Evaluation of immunomodulatory effects of lactic acid bacteria in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus). Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol., 9: 1318-1323.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Wang, Y. and Z. Xu, 2006. Effect of probiotics for common carp (Cyprinus carpio) based\on growth performance and digestive enzyme activities. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 127: 283-292.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Wang, Y.B., 2007. Effect of probiotics on growth performance and digestive enzyme activity of the shrimp Penaeus vannamei. Aquaculture, 269: 259-264.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Wang, Y.B., J.R. Li and J. Lin, 2008. Probiotics in aquaculture: Challenges and outlook. Aquaculture, 281: 1-4.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Ziaei-Nejad, S., M.H. Rezaei, G.A. Takami, D.L. Lovett, A.R. Mirvaghefi and M. Shakouri, 2006. The effect of Bacillus spp. bacteria used as probiotics on digestive enzyme activity, survival and growth in the Indian white shrimp Fenneropenaeus indicus. Aquaculture, 252: 516-524.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |