References

Akakabe, Y., Y. Tamura, S. Iwamoto, M. Takabayashi and T. Nyuugaku, 2006. Volatile organic compounds with characteristic odor in bamboo vinegar. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem., 70: 2797-2799.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Baimark, Y. and N. Niamsa, 2009. Study on wood vinegars for use as coagulating and antifungal agents on the production of natural rubber sheets. Biomass Bioenergy, 33: 994-998.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Bustamante, M.A., J.A. Alburquerque, A.P. Restrepo, C. de la Fuente, C. Paredes, R. Moral and M.P. Bernal, 2012. Co-composting of the solid fraction of anaerobic digestates, to obtain added-value materials for use in agriculture. Biomass Bioenergy, 43: 26-35.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Chen, B., D. Zhou and L. Zhu, 2008. Transitional adsorption and partition of nonpolar and polar aromatic contaminants by biochars of pine needles with different pyrolytic temperatures. Environ. Sci. Technol., 42: 5137-5143.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Cho, J.H., Y.J. Chen, B.J. Min, J.S. Yoo, Y. Wang and I.H. Kim, 2008. Effects of reducing dietary crude protein on growth performance, odor gas emission from manure and blood urea nitrogen and IGF-1 concentrations of serum in nursery pigs. Anim. Sci. J., 79: 453-459.
CrossRef  |  

Chu, G.M., C.K. Jung, H.Y. Kim, J.H. Ha and J.H. Kim et al., 2013. Effects of bamboo charcoal and bamboo vinegar as antibiotic alternatives on growth performance, immune responses and fecal microflora population in fattening pigs. Anim. Sci. J., 84: 113-120.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Chu, G.M., J.H. Kim, H.Y. Kim, J.H. Ha and M.S. Jung et al., 2013. Effects of bamboo charcoal on the growth performance, blood characteristics and noxious gas emission in fattening pigs. J. Applied Anim. Res., 41: 48-55.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Doydora, S.A., M.L. Cabrera, K.C. Das, J.W. Gaskin, L.S. Sonon and W.P. Miller, 2011. Release of nitrogen and phosphorus from poultry litter amended with acidified biochar. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 8: 1491-1502.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Edrington, T.S.L., F. Kubena, R.B. Harvey and G.E. Rottinghaus, 1997. Influence of a super activated charcoal on the toxic effects of aflatoxin or T-2 toxin in growing broilers. Poult. Sci., 76: 1205-1211.
PubMed  |  

Horwitz, W. and AOACI, 2000. Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International. 17th Edn., AOAC International, Rockville, Maryland, ISBN-13: 9780935584677, Pages: 2200.

Hsu, L.H., 2011. Effect of supplementation of bamboo charcoal powder in diet or in litter on growth performances, carcass traits and litter characteristics of broilers. Master's Thesis, Department of Animal Science and Livestock, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan.

Johnson, R.W., 1997. Inhibition of growth by pro-inflammatory cytokines: An integrated view. J. Anim. Sci., 75: 1244-1255.
Direct Link  |  

Johnson, W.J., W.W. Hagge, R.D. Wagoner, R.P. Dinapoli and J.W. Rosevear, 1972. Effects of urea loading in patients with far-advanced renal failure. Mayo Clin. Proc., 47: 21-29.
PubMed  |  

Kana, J.R., A. Teguia and J. Tchoumboue, 2010. Effect of dietary plant charcoal from Canarium schweinfurthii Engl. and maize cob on aflatoxin B1 toxicosis in broiler chickens. Livest. Res. Rural Dev., Vol. 22, No. 4.

Kana, J.R., A. Teguia, B.M. Mungfu and J. Tchoumboue, 2011. Growth performance and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens fed diets supplemented with graded levels of charcoal from maize cob or seed of Canarium schweinfurthii Engl. Trop. Anim. Health Prod., 43: 51-56.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Kishi, M., M. Fukaya, Y. Tsukamoto, T. Nagasawa, K. Takehana and N. Nishizawa, 1999. Enhancing effect of dietary vinegar on the intestinal absorption of calcium in ovariectomized rats. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem., 63: 905-910.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Knekt, P., J. Kumpulainen, R. Jarvinen, H. Rissanen and M. Heliovaara et al., 2002. Flavonoid intake and risk of chronic diseases. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 76: 560-568.
PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Kook, K., J.E. Kim, K.H. Jung, J.P. Kim and H.B. Kohn et al., 2002. Effect of supplementation bamboo vinegar on production and meat quality of meat-type ducks. Korean J. Poult. Sci., 29: 293-300.

Kook, K., J.H. Jeong and K.H. Kim, 2005. The effects of supplemental levels of bamboo vinegar liquids on growth performance, serum profile, carcass grade and meat quality characteristics in finishing pigs. J. Anim. Sci. Technol., 47: 721-730.
CrossRef  |  

Lehmann, J., J. Gaunt and M. Rondon, 2006. Bio-char sequestration in terrestrial ecosystems: A review. Mitigation Adaptation Strat. Global Change, 11: 395-419.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Leng, R.A., T.R. Preston and S. Inthapanya, 2012. Biochar reduces enteric methane and improves growth and feed conversion in local yellow cattle fed cassava root chips and fresh cassava foliage. Livest. Res. Rural Dev., Vol. 24, No. 11.

Mekbungwan, A., K. Yamauchi and T. Sakaida, 2004. Intestinal villus histological alterations in piglets fed dietary charcoal powder including wood vinegar compound liquid. Anatomia Histol. Embryol., 33: 11-16.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Mu, J., T. Uehara and T. Furuno, 2004. Effect of bamboo vinegar on regulation of germination and radical growth of seed plants II: Composition of moso bamboo vinegar at different collection temperature and its effects. J. Wood Sci., 50: 470-476.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Ruttanavut, J., K. Yamauchi, H. Goto and T. Erikawa, 2009. Effects of dietary bamboo charcoal powder including vinegar liquid on growth performance and histological intestinal change in aigamo ducks. Int. J. Poult. Sci., 8: 229-236.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Samanya, M. and K. Yamauchi, 2002. Morphological demonstration of the stimulative effects of charcoal powder including wood vinegar compound solution on growth performance and intestinal villus histology in chickens. J. Poult. Sci., 39: 42-55.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Sun, D., J. Meng and W. Chen, 2013. Effects of abiotic components induced by biochar on microbial communities. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica Sect. B: Soil Plant Sci., 63: 633-641.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Teleb, H.M., A.A. Hegazy and Y.A. Hussein, 2004. Efficiency of kaolin and activated charcoal to reduce the toxicity of low level of aflatoxin in broilers. Scient. J. King Faisal Univ. (Basic Applied Sci.), 5: 145-160.
Direct Link  |  

Uchimiya, M., L.H. Wartelle, K.T. Klasson, C.A. Fortier and I.M. Lima, 2011. Influence of pyrolysis temperature on biochar property and function as a heavy metal sorbent in soil. J. Agric. Food Chem., 59: 2501-2510.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Ushida, K., K. Hashizume, K. Miyazaki, Y. Kojima and S. Takakuwa, 2003. Isolation of Bacillus sp. as a volatile sulfur-degrading bacterium and its application to reduce the fecal odor of pig. Asian-Austr. J. Anim. Sci., 16: 1795-1798.
Direct Link  |  

Van, D.T.T., N.T. Mui and I. Ledin, 2006. Effect of method of processing foliage of Acacia mangium and inclusion of bamboo charcoal in the diet on performance of growing goats. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 130: 242-256.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Wang, H.F., J.L. Wang, C. Wang, W.M. Zhang, J.X. Liu and B. Dai, 2012. Effect of bamboo vinegar as an antibiotic alternative on growth performance and fecal bacterial communities of weaned piglets. Livest. Sci., 144: 173-180.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Wang, Y., J.H. Cho, Y.J. Chen, J.S. Yoo and H.J. Kim et al., 2008. Effect of dietary soyabean hulls and metal-amino acid chelated mineral supplementation on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and noxious gas emission in growing pigs. J. Anim. Feed Sci., 17: 171-181.
Direct Link  |  

Watarai, S. and Tana, 2005. Eliminating the carriage of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis in domestic fowls by feeding activated charcoal from bark containing wood vinegar liquid (Nekka-Rich). Poult. Sci., 84: 515-521.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Yan, L., I.H. Kim and K. Huh, 2012. Influence of bamboo vinegar supplementation on growth performance, apparent total tract digestibility, blood characteristics, meat quality, fecal noxious gas content and fecal microbial concentration in finishing pigs. Livest. Sci., 144: 240-246.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |