References

Balaji, R., K.J. Wright, C.M. Hill, S.S. Dritz, E.L. Knoppel and J.E. Minton, 2000. Acute phase responses of pigs challenged orally with Salmonella typhimurium. J. Anim. Sci., 78: 1885-1891.
PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Chen, Q., Z. Liu and J.H. He, 2009. Achyranthes bidentata polysaccharide enhances immune response in weaned piglets. Immunopharmacol. Immunotoxicol., 31: 253-260.
PubMed  |  

Chen, Q.H., Z.Y. Liu, J.H. He, Y.R. Zhao and X.S. Wu, 2011. Achyranthes bidentata polysaccharide enhances growth performance and health status in weaned piglets. Food Agric. Immunol., 22: 17-29.
CrossRef  |  

Committee of National Pharmacopoeia, 2005. Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China. Chemical Industry Press, Beijing, China, pp: 49.

Deng, Z.Y., J.W. Zhang, G.Y. Wu, Y.L. Yin and Z. Ruan et al., 2007. Dietary supplementation with polysaccharides from semen cassiae enhances immunoglobulin production and interleukin gene expression in early-weaned piglets. J. Sci. Food Agric., 87: 1868-1873.
CrossRef  |  

Deng, Z.Y., J.W. Zhang, J. Li, Y.W. Fan and S.W. Cao et al., 2007. Effect of polysaccharides of cassiae seeds on the intestinal microflora of piglets. Asia Pac. J. Clin. Nutr., 16: 143-147.
Direct Link  |  

Greiner, L.L., T.S. Stahly and T.J. Stabel, 2000. Quantitative relationship of systemic virus concentration on growth and immune response in pigs. J. Anim. Sci., 78: 2690-2695.
Direct Link  |  

Guo, F.C., R.P. Kwakke, J. Soede, B.A. Williams and M.W.A. Verstegen, 2004. Effect of a Chinese herb medicine formulation, as an alternative for antibiotics, on performance of broilers. Br. Poult. Sci., 45: 793-797.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Han, S.B., C.W. Lee, Y.D. Yoon, J.H. Lee and J.S. Kang et al., 2005. Prevention of arthritic inflammation using an oriental herbal combination BDX-1 isolated from Achyranthes bidentata and Atractylodes japonica. Arch. Pharm. Res., 28: 902-908.
CrossRef  |  

Herskin, M.S. and K.H. Jensen, 2002. Effects of open field testing and associated handling v. handling alone on the adrenocortical reactivity of piglets around weaning. Anim. Sci., 74: 485-491.
Direct Link  |  

Kong, X., Y. Hu, R. Rui, D. Wang and X. Li, 2004. Effects of Chinese herbal medicinal ingredients on peripheral lymphocyte proliferation and serum antibody titer after vaccination in chicken. Int. Immunopharmacol., 4: 975-982.
PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Kong, X.F., G.Y. Wu, Y.P. Liao, Z.P. Hou and H.J. Liu et al., 2007. Dietary supplementation with Chinese herbal ultra-fine powder enhances cellular and humoral immunity in early-weaned piglets. Livestock Sci., 108: 94-98.
CrossRef  |  

Kong, X.F., G.Y. Wu, Y.P. Liao, Z.P. Hou and H.J. Liu et al., 2007. Effects of Chinese herbal ultra-fine powder as a dietary additive on growth performance, serum metabolites and intestinal health in early-weaned piglets. Livestock Sci., 108: 272-275.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Kong, X.F., Y.L. Hu, X.R. Li, D.Y. Wang, B.K. Zhang, J.G. Liu and X.T. Wang, 2004. Effects of nine Chinese herbal medicinal ingredients on serum HI antibody titer after vaccination of NDV IV strain vaccine in chicks. Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica, 35: 468-472.
Direct Link  |  

Kong, X.F., Y.L. Hu, Y.L. Yin, G.Y. Wu, R. Rui, D.Y. Wang and C.B. Yang, 2006. Chinese herbal ingredients are effective immune stimulators for chickens infected with the Newcastle disease virus. Poult. Sci., 85: 2169-2175.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Kong, X.F., Y.L. Yin, G.Y. Wu, H.J. Liu and F.G. Yin et al., 2007. Dietary supplementation with Acanthopanax senticosus extract modulates cellular and humoral immunity in weaned piglets. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci., 20: 1453-1461.
Direct Link  |  

Kong, X.F., Y.Z. Zhang, X. Wu, Y.L. Yin and Z.L. Tan et al., 2009. Fermentation characterization of Chinese yam polysaccharide and its effects on the gut microbiota of rats. Int. J. Microbiol., 10.1155/2009/598152

Kusnecov, A.W. and A. Rossi-George, 2002. Stressor-induced modulation of immune function: A review of acute, chronic effects in animals. Acta Neuropsychiatrica, 14: 279-291.
CrossRef  |  

Li, J.X., T. Hareyama, Y. Tezuka, Y. Zhang, T. Miyahara and S. Kadota, 2005. Five new oleanolic acid glycosides from Achyranthes bidentata with inhibitory activity on osteoclast formation. Planta. Med., 71: 673-679.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Li, Z.K. and D.D. Li, 1997. [The immunomodulatory effect of Achyranthes bidentata polysaccharides]. Acta Pharm. Sin., 32: 881-887.
Direct Link  |  

Liu, Y.L., J.X. Shi, J. Lu, G.Q. Meng and H.L. Zhu et al., 2009. Activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ potentiates pro-inflammatory cytokine production and adrenal and somatotropic changes of weaned pigs after Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide challenge. Innate Immunity, 15: 169-178.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  

Lu, K.T., H.Y. Cheng, C.F. Lo, H.C. Chang and J.H. Lin, 2007. Discriminating between achyranthis bidentatae radix and cyathulae radix in chinese medicine preparations by nested PCR and DNA sequencing methods. Planta Med., 73: 1322-1326.
CrossRef  |  

Ma, D.Y. and A.S. Chan, 2004. Effects of Chinese herbal drugs on animal growth, endocrine and immunity. China Anim. Husbandry Vet. Med., 1: 16-19.

Mallard, B.A., B.N. Wilkie, B.W. Kennedy, J. Gibson and M. Quinton, 1998. Immune responsiveness in swine: Eight generations of selection for high and low immune response in Yorkshire pigs. Proceedings of the 6th World Congress on Genetics Applied to Livestock Production, January 11-16, 1998, Armidale, Australia, pp: 257-264.

McGlone, J. and W.G. Pond, 2003. Pig Production: Biological Principles and Applications. Delmar Learning Inc., Clifton Park, NY., USA., ISBN-13: 9780827384842, Pages: 395.

Medzhitov, R. and C.S. Janeway Jr., 2000. Innate immune recognition: Mechanisms and pathways. Immunol. Rev., 173: 89-97.
CrossRef  |  

Meng, D.L. and X. Li, 2001. Progression of researches on chemical constituents and pharmaco-activity of radix achyranthis bidentatae. J. Chin. Med. Chem., 11: 120-124.

NRC, 1998. Nutrients Requirements for Swine. 10th Edn., Academy Press, Washington, DC., USA., ISBN-13: 9780309059930, Pages: 189.

Nabuurs, M.J.A., 1995. Microbiological, structural and functional changes of the small intestine of pigs at weaning. Pig News Inf., 16: 93-97.

Shen, Y.B., G. Voilque, J. Odle and S.W. Kim, 2012. Dietary L-tryptophan supplementation with reduced large neutral amino acids enhances feed efficiency and decreases stress hormone secretion in nursery pigs under social-mixing stress. J. Nutr., 142: 1540-1546.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Smith, R., 1999. Antibiotic bans, regulations may stop development of drugs. Feedstuffs, 71: 1-6.

Tan, B., Y. Yin, Z. Liu, X. Li and H. Xu et al., 2009. Dietary L-arginine supplementation increases muscle gain and reduces body fat mass in growing-finishing pigs. Amino Acids, 37: 169-175.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Tang, Z.R., Y.L. Yin, C.M. Nyachoti, R.L. Huang and T.J. Li et al., 2005. Effect of dietary supplementation of chitosan and galacto-mannan-oligosaccharide on serum parameters and the insulin-like growth factor-I mRNA expression in early-weaned piglets. Domestic Anim. Endocrinol., 28: 430-441.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Tian, G.Y., S.T. Li, M.L. Song, M.S. Zheng and W. Li, 1995. Synthesis of Achyranthes bidentata polysaccharide sulfate and its antivirus activity. Yao Xue Xue Bao, 30: 107-111.
PubMed  |  

Touchette, K.J., J.A. Carroll, G.L. Allee, R.L. Matteri, C.J. Dyer, L.A. Beausang and M.E. Zannelli, 2002. Effect of spray-dried plasma and lipopolysaccharide exposure on weaned pigs: I. Effects on the immune axis of weaned pigs. J. Anim. Sci., 80: 494-501.
Direct Link  |  

Van Beers-Schreurs, H.M.G., L. Vellenga, T.H. Wensing and H.J. Breukink, 1992. The pathogenesis of the post-weaning syndrome in weaned piglets; a review. Vet. Q., 14: 29-34.
CrossRef  |  

WHO, 2002. Antimicrobial resistance. Fact Sheet No. 194, Revised January 2002, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland. https://www.idph.state.ia.us/adper/common/pdf/abx/tab9_who_resistance.pdf.

Wu, G., N.E. Flynn, D.A. Knabe and L.A. Jaeger, 2000. A cortisol surge mediates the enhanced polyamine synthesis in porcine enterocytes during weaning. Am. J. Physiol., 279: R554-R559.
Direct Link  |  

Wu, G., S.A. Meier and D.A. Knabe, 1996. Dietary glutamine supplementation prevents jejunal atrophy in weaned pigs. J. Nutr., 126: 2578-2584.
PubMed  |  

Wu, G., Y.Z. Fang, S. Yang, J.R. Lupton and N.D. Turner, 2004. Glutathione metabolism and its implications for health. J. Nutr., 134: 489-492.
PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Xiang, D.B. and X.Y. Li, 1993. Antitumor activity and immuno-potentiating actions of Achyranthes bidentata polysaccharides. Zhongguo Yao Li Xue Bao, 14: 556-561.
PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Xue, Y.L., 1985. Experimental Regulations of Plant Physiology. Shanghai Scientific and Technical Publishers, Shanghai, China, pp: 136-138.

Yao, K., Y.L. Yin, W. Chu, Z. Liu and D. Deng et al., 2008. Dietary arginine supplementation increases mTOR signaling activity in skeletal muscle of neonatal pigs. J. Nutr., 138: 867-872.
Direct Link  |  

Yin, F.G., X.F. Kong, Y.L. Yin, H.J. Liu, Y.P. Liao and G.Y. Wu, 2006. Dietary supplementation with the Chinese herb improves growth performance and tissue integrity in weanling piglets. J. Anim. Sci., 84: S47-S47.
Direct Link  |  

Yin, F.G., Y.L. Yin, X.F. Kong, Q.H. He and T.J. Li et al., 2008. Dietary supplementation with Acanthopanax senticosus extract modulates gut microflora in weaned piglets. Asian-Australasian J. Anim. Sci., 21: 1330-1338.
Direct Link  |  

Yin, F.G., Z.Z. Zhang, J. Huang and Y.L. Yin, 2010. Digestion rate of dietary starch affects systemic circulation of amino acids in weaned pigs. Br. J. Nutr., 103: 1404-1412.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Yin, Y.L., J.D.G. McEvoy, H. Schulze, U. Hennig, W.B. Souffrante and K.J. McCracken, 2000. Apparent digestibility (ileal and overall) of nutrients and endogenous nitrogen losses in growing pigs fed wheat (var. Soissons) or its by-products without or with xylanase supplementation. Livestock Prod. Sci., 62: 119-132.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Yin, Y.L., S.K. Baidoo, H. Schulze and P.H. Simmins, 2001. Effect of supplementing diets containing hulless barley varieties having different levels of non-starch polysaccharides with β-glucanase and xylanase on the physiological status of gastrointestinal tract and nutrient digestibility of weaned pigs. Livestock Prod. Sci., 71: 97-107.
CrossRef  |  

Yin, Y.L., Z.R. Tang, Z.H. Sun, Z.Q. Liu and T.J. Li et al., 2008. Effect of galacto-mannan-oligosaccharides or chitosan supplementation on cytoimmunity and humoral immunity in early-weaned piglets. Asian-Australasian J. Anim. Sci., 21: 723-731.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Yu, S. and Y. Zhang, 1995. Effect of Achyranthes bidentata Polysaccharides (ABP) on antitumor activity and immune function of S180-bearing mice. Zhonghua Zhong Lui Za Zhi, 17: 275-278.
PubMed  |  

Zhang, W.J., 1999. Biochemistry Technology of Polysaccharide Compound. Zhejiang University Press, Hangzhou, China.