References

Ahmed, Z.A.M., Z.M. Sedik, M.D. Alharery, M.A. Khalaf and S.A. Nasr et al., 2012. Microbial ecology of composting dead poultry and their wastes. Global Veterinaria, 9: 683-690.
Direct Link  |  

Anonymous, 2011. New performance standards for Salmonella and Campylobacter in chilled carcasses at young chicken and turkey slaughter establishments. Food Safety and Inspection Service, Maryland, USA.

Bailey, J.S. and D.E. Cosby, 2005. Salmonella prevalence in free-range and certified organic chickens. J. Food Prot., 68: 2451-2453.
PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Bennett, D.D., S.E. Higgins, R.W. Moore, R. Beltran and D.J. Caldwell et al., 2003. Effects of lime on Salmonella enteritidis survival In vitro. J. Appl. Poult. Res., 12: 65-68.
Direct Link  |  

Bennett, D.S., S.E. Higgins, R. Moore, J.A. Byrd and R. Beltran et al., 2005. Effect of addition of hydrated lime to litter on recovery of selected bacteria and poult performance. J. Appl. Poult. Res., 14: 721-727.
CrossRef  |  

Bolan, N.S., A.A. Szogi, T. Chuasavathi, B. Seshadri, M.J. Rothrock and P. Panneerselvam, 2010. Uses and management of poultry litter. World's Poult. Sci. J., 66: 673-698.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Braden, C.R., 2006. Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis and eggs: A national epidemic in the United States. Clin. Infect. Dis., 43: 512-517.
PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Bucher, O., A. Fazil, A. Rajic, A. Farrar and R. Wills et al., 2012. Evaluating interventions against Salmonella in broiler chickens: Applying synthesis research in support of quantitative exposure assessment. Epidemiol. Infect., 140: 925-945.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  

Chinivasagam, H.N., T. Tran and P.J. Blackall, 2012. Impact of the Australian litter Re-use practice on Salmonella in the broiler farming environment. Food Res. Intl., 45: 891-896.
Direct Link  |  

Esatu, W., G. Terefe and T. Dessie, 2012. Immunomodulatory effect of Effective Microorganisms (EM®) in chickens. Res. J. Immunol., 5: 17-23.
Direct Link  |  

Guo, C., R.M. Hoekstra, C.M. Schroeder, S.M. Pires and K.L. Ong et al., 2011. Application of bayesian techniques to model the burden of human salmonellosis attributable to U.S. food commodities at the point of processing: Adaptation of a danish model. Foodborne Pathogens Dis., 8: 509-516.
Direct Link  |  

Higa, T., 2013. EM research organization. SAS Institute, Cary, North Carolina.

Kimura, A.C., V. Reddy, R. Marcus, P.R. Cieslak and J.C. Mohle-Boetani et al., 2004. Chicken consumption is a newly identified risk factor for sporadic Salmonella enterica serotype enteritidis infections in the United States: A case control study in food net sites. Clin. Infect. Dis., 38: S244-S252.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Larrison, E.L., J.A. Byrd and M.A. Davis, 2010. Effects of litter amendments on broiler growth characteristics and Salmonella colonization in the crop and cecum. J. Appl. Poult. Res., 19: 132-136.
Direct Link  |  

Lovanh, N., K.L. Cook, M.J. Rothrock, D.M. Miles and K. Sistani, 2007. Spatial shifts in microbial population structure within poultry litter associated with physicochemical properties. Poult. Sci., 86: 1840-1849.
Direct Link  |  

Mead, P.S., L. Slutsker, V. Dietz, L.F. McCaig and J.S. Bresee et al., 1999. Food-related illness and death in the United States. Emerg. Infect. Dis., 5: 607-625.
Direct Link  |  

Moore, Jr. P.A., T.C. Danniel, A.N. Sharpley and C.W. Wood, 1995. Poultry manrue management: Environmentally sound options. J. Soil Water Cons., 50: 321-327.

National Research Council, 1994. Nutrient Requirements of Poultry. 9th Edn., National Academies Press, Washington, DC., USA., Pages: 161.

Scallan, E., R.M. Hoekstra, F.J. Angulo, R.V. Tauxe and M.A. Widdowson et al., 2011. Foodborne illness acquired in the United States-major pathogens. Emerg. Infect. Dis., 17: 7-15.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Scharff, R.L., J.O.Y.C.E. McDowell and L. Medeiros, 2009. Economic cost of foodborne illness in Ohio. J. Food Prot., 72: 128-136.
Direct Link  |  

Shah, S.B., G.L. Grabow and P.W. Westerman, 2006. Ammonia adsorption in five types of flexible tubing materials. Appl. Eng. Agric., 22: 919-923.
CrossRef  |  

Sheffield, C.L., T.L. Crippen, R.C. Beier and J.A. Byrd, 2014. Salmonella Typhimurium in chicken manure reduced or eliminated by addition of LT1000. J. Appl. Poult. Res., 23: 116-120.
Direct Link  |  

Stringfellow, K., D. Caldwell, J. Lee, A. Byrd and J. Carey et al., 2010. Pasteurization of chicken litter with steam and quicklime to reduce Salmonella Typhimurium. J. Appl. Poult. Res., 19: 380-386.
Direct Link  |  

Tabler, T. and J. Wells, 2012. Poultry litter management: The poultry site. Vetspanel, Weybridge, England, UK. http://www.thepoultrysite.com/articles/2700/poultry-litter-managment.

Terzich, M., M.J. Pope, T.E. Cherry and J. Hollinger, 2000. Survey of pathogens in poultry litter in the United States. J. Applied Poult. Sci., 9: 287-291.
Direct Link  |  

Vandeplas, S., R.D. Dauphin, Y. Beckers, P. Thonart and A. Thewis, 2010. Salmonella in chicken: Current and developing strategies to reduce contamination at farm level. J. Food Prot., 73: 774-785.
PubMed  |  

Vicente, J.L., S.E. Higgins, B.M. Hargis and G. Tellez, 2007. Effect of poultry guard litter amendment on horizontal transmission of Salmonella enteritidisin broiler chicks. Int. J. Poult. Sci., 6: 314-317.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Williams, Z.T., J.P. Blake and K.S. Macklin, 2012. The effect of sodium bisulfate on Salmonella viability in broiler litter. Poult. Sci., 91: 2083-2088.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  

Zhao, C., B. Ge, J. De Villena, R. Sudler and E. Yeh et al., 2001. Prevalence of Campylobacter spp. Escherichia coli and Salmonella serovars in retail chicken, Turkey, pork and beef from the greater Washington, DC, area. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 67: 5431-5436.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  Direct Link  |