References

Act, C.E.P., 2000. Canadian guidelines for the management of Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials (NORM). Ministry of Health Canada, Ottawa.

Al-Masri, M.S. and H. Suman, 2003. NORM waste in the oil and gas industry: The Syrian experience. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem., 256: 159-162.
Direct Link  |  

Cowie, M., K. Mously, O. Fageeha and R. Nassar, 2012. NORM management in the oil and gas industry. Ann. ICRP., 41: 318-331.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Hamid, H.A., W. Kassim, A. ElHishir and S. El-Jawashi, 2008. Risk assessment and remediation suggestion of impacted soil by produced water associated with oil production. Environ. Monitoring Assess., 145: 95-102.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Hamlat, M.S., H. Kadi and H. Fellag, 2003. Precipitate containing NORM in the oil industry: Modelling and laboratory experiments. Appl. Radiat. Isot., 59: 95-99.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Hamlat, M.S., S. Djeffal and H. Kadi, 2002. Assessment of radiation exposures from naturally occurring radioactive materials in the oil and gas industry. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot., 55: 141-146.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

IAEA, 2003. Extent of environmental contamination by Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material (NORM) and technological options for mitigation. IAEA-TECREP-419, Vienna. http://www-pub.iaea.org/books/IAEABooks/6789/Extent-of-Environmental-Contamination-by-Naturally-Occurring-Radioactive-Material-NORM-and-Technological-Options-for-Mitigation.

IAEA., 2003. Radiation protection and the management of radioactive waste in the oil and gas industry. Safety Reports Series No. 34. International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria.

Khodashenas, A., E. Roayaei, S.M. Abtahi and E. Ardalani, 2012. Evaluation of Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials (NORM) in the South Western oil wells of Iran. J. Environ. Radioact., 109: 71-75.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Koufakis, M., 2013. Disposal of some types of NORM that exceed 10 Bq/g in Sweden. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material (NORM VII), April 22-26, 2013, IAEA, Beijing, China, pp: 595-598.

Massuod, T., F. Abuttweirat and U. Elghawi, 2012. Chemical and radioactive content of oilfield produced water in Libya. Libyan Agric. Res. Center J. Int., 3: 155-159.

Shawki, S., H. Amer, A.A. Nada, T.M. El-Macksoud and N.M. Ibrahim, 2001. Characteristics of NORM in the oil industry from eastern-western desert of Egypt. Applied Radia. Isot., 55: 135-139.
Direct Link  |  

UNSCEAR, 2008. Global survey on exposures to natural radiation sources. UNSCEAR, New York, USA.

Van, D.C., 1994. Determination of ₂₂₆Ra in soil using ₂₁₄Pb and ₂₁₄Bi immediately after sampling. Health Phys., 67: 288-289.
Direct Link  |