References

Akhtar, A., V. Pareek and M. Tade, 2007. CFD simulations for continuous flow of bubbles through gas-liquid columns: Application of VOF method. Chem. Prod. Process Model., 2: 1-19.
Direct Link  |  

Andou, S., K. Yamagiwa and A. Ohkawa, 1996. Effect of gas sparger type on operational characteristics of a bubble column under mechanical foam control. J. Chem. Tech. Biotechnol., 66: 65-71.
CrossRef  |  

Annaland, M.V.S., N.G. Deen and J.A.M. Kuipers, 2005. Numerical simulation of gas bubbles behaviour using a three-dimensional volume of fluid method. Chem. Eng. Sci., 60: 2999-3011.
CrossRef  |  

Blazej, M., G.M.C. Glover, S.C. Generalis and J. Markos, 2004. Gas-liquid simulation of an airlift bubble column reactor. Chem. Eng. Process., 43: 137-144.
Direct Link  |  

Bouaifi, M., G. Hebrard, D. Bastoul and M.A. Roustan, 2001. Comparative study of gas hold-up, bubble size, interfacial area and mass transfer coefficients in stirred gas-liquid reactors and bubble columns. Chem. Eng. Process., 40: 97-111.
CrossRef  |  

Bove, S., T. Solberg and B.H. Hjertager, 2004. Numerical aspects of bubble column simulations. Int. J. Chem. Reactor Eng., 2: 1-22.
Direct Link  |  

Buwa, V.V. and V.V. Ranade, 2002. Dynamics of gas-liquid flow in a rectangular bubble column: Experiments and single/multi-group CFD simulation. Chem. Eng. Sci., 57: 4715-4736.
CrossRef  |  

Chen, P., M.P. Dudukovic and J. Sanyal, 2005. Three-dimensional simulation of bubble column flows with bubble coalescence and breakup. AIChE J., 51: 696-712.
CrossRef  |  

Deen, N.G., T. Solberg, B.H. Hjertager, 2001. Large eddy simulation of the gas-liquid flow in a square cross-sectioned bubble column. Chem. Eng. Sci., 56: 6341-6349.
CrossRef  |  

Degaleesan, S., M. Dudukovic and Y. Pan, 2001. Experimental study of gas-induced liquid-flow structures in bubble columns. AIChE J., 47: 1913-1931.
CrossRef  |  

Dhotre, M.T. and J.B. Joshi, 2007. Design of a gas distributor: Three-dimensional CFD simulation of a coupled system consisting of a gas chamber and a bubble column. Chem. Eng. J., 125: 149-163.
CrossRef  |  

Forret, A., J.M. Schweitzer, T. Gauthier, R. Krishna and D. Schweich, 2003. Influence of scale on the hydrodynamics of bubble column reactors: An experimental study in columns of 0.1, 0.4 and 1 m diameters. Chem. Eng. Sci., 58: 719-724.
CrossRef  |  

Glover, G.M.C. and S.C. Generalis, 2004. The modelling of buoyancy driven flow in bubble columns. Chem. Eng. Process., 43: 101-115.
CrossRef  |  

Hills, J.H., 1974. Radial non-uniformity of velocity and voidage in a bubble column. Trans. Inst. Chem. Eng., 52: 1-9.

Jakobsen, H.A., B.H. Sannes, S. Grevskott and H.F. Svendsen, 1997. Modeling of vertical bubble-driven flows. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 36: 4052-4074.
CrossRef  |  

Krishna, R. and J.M. van Baten, 1999. Rise characteristics of gas bubbles in a 2D rectangular column: VOF simulations vs experiments. Int. Commun. Heat Mass Transfer, 26: 965-974.
CrossRef  |  

Krishna, R., M.I. Urseanu, J.M. van Baten and J. Ellenberger, 1999. Influence of scale on the hydrodynamics of bubble columns operating in the churn-turbulent regime: Experiments vs. eulerian simulations. Chem. Eng. Sci., 54: 4903-4911.
CrossRef  |  

Lain, S., D. Broder and M. Sommerfeld, 1999. Experimental and numerical studies of the hydrodynamics in a bubble column. Chem. Eng. Sci., 54: 4913-4920.
CrossRef  |  

Lau, R., W.S.B. Sim and R. Mo, 2009. Effect of gas distributor on hydrodynamics in shallow bubble column reactors. Can. J. Chem. Eng., 87: 847-854.
CrossRef  |  

Launder, B.E. and D.B. Spalding, 1974. The numerical computation of turbulent flows. J. Comput. Mech. Appl. Mech. Eng., 3: 269-289.
CrossRef  |  

Li, G., X. Yang and G. Dai, 2009. CFD simulation of effects of the configuration of gas distributors on gas-liquid flow and mixing in a bubble column. Chem. Eng. Sci., 64: 5104-5116.
CrossRef  |  

Lin, J., M. Han, T. Wang, T. Zhang, J. Wang and Y. Jin, 2004. Influence of the gas distributor on the local hydrodynamic behavior of an external loop airlift reactor. Chem. Eng. J., 102: 51-59.
CrossRef  |  

Manninen, M., S. Kallio and V. Taivassalo, 1996. On the Mixture Model for Multiphase Flow. Technical Research Center of Finland, Espoo, Finland, pp: 67.

Oey, R.S., R.F. Mudde and H.E. van den Akker, 2003. Sensitivity study on interfacial closure laws in two-fluid bubbly flow simulations. AIChE J., 49: 1621-1636.
CrossRef  |  

Pan, Y., M.P. Dudukovic and M. Chang, 2000. Numerical investigation of gas-driven flow in 2-D bubble columns. AIChE J., 46: 434-449.
CrossRef  |  

Pfleger, D., S. Gomes, N. Gilbert and H.G. Wagner, 1999. Hydrodynamic simulations of laboratory scale bubble columns fundamental studies of the Eulerian-Eulerian modelling approach. Chem. Eng. Sci., 54: 5091-5099.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Rafique, M., P. Chen and M. Dudukovic, 2004. Computational modelling of gas-liquid flow in bubble columns. Rev. Chem. Eng., 20: 225-375.

Ranade, V.V., 2002. Computational Flow Modeling for Chemical Reactor Engineering. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, USA., pp: 452.

Shaikh, A. and M. Al-Dahhan, 2005. Characterization of the hydrodynamic flow regime in bubble columns via computed tomography. Flow Measurement Instrumentation, 16: 91-98.
CrossRef  |  

Sokolichin, A. and G. Eigenberger, 1999. Applicability of the standard k-ε turbulence model to the dynamic simulation of bubble columns: Part I. Detailed numerical simulations. Chem. Eng. Sci., 54: 2273-2284.
CrossRef  |  

Sommerfeld, M. and D. Broder, 2009. Analysis of hydrodynamics and microstructure in a bubble column by planar shadow image velocimetry. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 48: 330-340.
CrossRef  |