References

Al-Anbouri, A., 2009. Malaysia: An experience in religious and cultural coexistence. Tadamun J., 9: 22-37.

Alivernini, F. and S. Manganelli, 2011. Is there a relationship between openness in classroom discussion and students' knowledge in civic and citizenship education? Procedia-Soc. Behav. Sci., 15: 3441-3445.
CrossRef  |  

Amna, E., 2012. How is civic engagement developed over time? Emerging answers from a multidisciplinary field. J. Adolescence, 35: 611-627.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Antonio, A.L., 2001. The role of interracial interaction in the development of leadership skills and cultural knowledge and understanding. Res. Higher Educ., 42: 593-617.
CrossRef  |  

Astin, A.W., 1993. What Matters in College? Four Critical Years Revisited. Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, CA.

Astin, A.W., H.S. Astin and J.A. Lindholm, 2011. Cultivating the Spirit: How College can Enhance Students' Inner Lives. Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, CA.

Baharuddin, S.A., 2007. Ethnic Relations Module. Maskh Sdn. Ltd., Kuala Lumpur.

Bajunid, I.A., 2008. The Building of a Nation and Ideas of Nationhood: Citizenship Education in Malaysia. In: Citizenship Curriculum in Asia and the Pacific, Grossman, D.L., W.O. Lee and K.J. Kennedy (Eds.). Springer, Netherlands, pp: 127-146.

Bajunid, I.A., 2012. The transformation of Malaysian society through technological advantage: ICT and education in Malaysia. J. Southeast Asian Educ., 2: 104-146.

Barone, T.N., 2002. Civic education and citizenship in Malaysian education. http://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED465672.

Battistoni, R., 2002. Civic Engagement across the Curriculum. Campus Compact, Providence, RI., ISBN-13: 9780966737189, Pages: 84.

Billings, M.S. and D.G. Terkla, 2011. Using a structural equation model to describe the infusion of civic engagement in the campus culture. J. General Educ., 60: 84-100.
CrossRef  |  

Bitzer, E.M., 2003. Assessing students' changing perceptions of higher education. South Afr. J. Higher Educ., 17: 164-177.

Bowman, N.A., 2011. Promoting participation in a diverse democracy a meta-analysis of college diversity experiences and civic engagement. Rev. Educ. Res., 81: 29-68.
CrossRef  |  

Campbell, A.L., 2002. Self-interest, social security and the distinctive participation patterns of senior citizens. Am. Political Sci. Rev., 96: 565-574.
CrossRef  |  

Campbell, D.E., 2009. Civic engagement and education: An empirical test of the sorting model. Am. J. Political Sci., 53: 771-786.
CrossRef  |  

Carr, S., 2000. As distance education comes of age, the challenge is keeping the students. Chronicle Higher Educ., 46: 39-41.
Direct Link  |  

Chan, R.Y., G.T.L. Brown and L.H. Ludlow, 2014. What is the purpose of higher education? A comparison of institutional and student perspectives on the goals and purposes of completing a bachelor's degree in the 21st century. Proceedings of the Annual American Education Research Association Conference, April 5, 2014, Philadelphia, PA -.

Cole, D. and J. Zhou, 2014. Do diversity experiences help college students become more civically minded? Applying Banks' multicultural education framework. Innovative Higher Educ., 39: 109-121.
CrossRef  |  

D'Silva, J.L., H.A.M. Shaffril, J. Uli and B.A. Samah, 2010. Socio-demography factors that influence youth attitude towards contract farming. Am. J. Applied Sci., 7: 603-608.
CrossRef  |  

Da, W.C., 2007. Public and private higher education institutions in Malaysia: Competing, complementary or crossbreeds as education providers. Kajian Malaysia, 25: 1-14.

Dee, T.S., 2004. Are there civic returns to education? J. Public Econ., 88: 1697-1720.
CrossRef  |  

Economic Planning Unit, 2010. Tenth Malaysia plan 2010-2015. Economic Planning Unit, Putrajaya, Malaysia.

Ehrlich, T., 2000. Civic Responsibility and Higher Education. Oryx Press, Phoenix, AZ., ISBN-13: 9781573565639, Pages: 448.

Fakhrutdinova, E., A. Fakhrutdinova, O. Severyanov and E. Valeev, 2013. The transformation of educational approaches at the time of social and economical changes. World Applied Sci. J., 27: 15-19.

Foster, P. and A.S. Ohta, 2005. Negotiation for meaning and peer assistance in second language classrooms. Applied Linguistics, 26: 402-430.

Franke, R., S. Ruiz, J. Sharkness, L. DeAngelo and J. Pryor, 2010. Findings from the 2009 Administration of the College Senior Survey (CSS): National aggregates. Higher Education Research Institute Graduate School of Education & Information Studies, University of California, Los Angeles, February 2010.

Galaczi, E.D., 2008. Peer-peer interaction in a speaking test: The case of the first certificate in english examination. Language Assess. Q., 5: 89-119.
CrossRef  |  

Gesthuizen, M., T. Van der Meer and P. Scheepers, 2008. Education and dimensions of social capital: Do educational effects differ due to educational expansion and social security expenditure? Eur. Sociol. Rev., 24: 617-632.
CrossRef  |  

Giroux, H.A., 2004. Critical pedagogy and the postmodern/modern divide: Towards a pedagogy of democratization. Teacher Educ. Q., 31: 31-47.
Direct Link  |  

Giroux, H.A., 2009. Youth in a Suspect Society. Palgrave Macmillan, New York, ISBN-13: 9780230100565, Pages: 256.

Glaeser, E.L., R. La Porta, F. Lopez-de-Silanes and A. Shleifer, 2004. Do institutions cause growth? J. Econ. Growth, 9: 271-303.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Harkavy, I., 2006. The role of universities in advancing citizenship and social justice in the 21st century. Educ. Citizenship Soc. Justice, 1: 5-37.
CrossRef  |  

Hatcher, J.A., 2008. The public role of professionals: Developing and evaluating the civicminded professional scale. Ph.D. Thesis, Indiana University, Purdue, IN.

Herzog, S. and N.A. Bowman, 2011. Validity and Limitations of College Student Self-Report Data: New Directions for Institutional Research, Number 150. Vol. 110, John Wiley and Sons, San Francisco, CA.

Huang, J., H. Maassen van den Brink and W. Groot, 2009. A meta-analysis of the effect of education on social capital. Econ. Educ. Rev., 28: 454-464.
CrossRef  |  

Husfeldt, V., C. Barber and J. Torney-Purta, 2005. Students' social attitudes and expected political participation: New scales in the enhanced database of the IEA civic education study. Civic Education Data and Researcher Services, Department of Human Development, University of Maryland College Park, College Park, MD.

Inkelas, K.K., K.E. Vogt, S.D. Longerbeam, J. Owen and D. Johnson, 2006. Measuring outcomes of living-learning programs: Examining college environments and student learning and development. J. General Educ., 55: 40-76.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Ismail, H. and A. Hassan, 2009. Holistic education in Malaysia. Eur. J. Soc. Sci., 9: 231-236.
Direct Link  |  

Jacoby, B. and E. Hollander, 2009. Securing the Future of Civic Engagement in Higher Education. In: Civic Engagement in Higher Education, Jacoby, B. and Associations (Eds.). Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, CA., pp: 227-248.

Kahne, J.E. and S.E. Sporte, 2008. Developing citizens: The impact of civic learning opportunities on students' commitment to civic participation. Am. Educ. Res. J., 45: 738-766.
CrossRef  |  

Kane, M.T., 2001. Current concerns in validity theory. J. Educ. Meas., 38: 319-342.
CrossRef  |  

Kezar, A.J., 2006. The impact of institutional size on student engagement. NASPA J., 43: 87-114.

Khader, F.R., 2012. The Malaysian experience in developing national identity, multicultural tolerance and understanding through teaching curricula: Lessons learned and possible applications in the Jordanian context. Int. J. Humanities Soc. Sci., 2: 270-288.
Direct Link  |  

Khoo, K.B.T. and F. Loh, 2002. Democracy in Malaysia: Discourses and practices. Curzon Press, New York, ISBN-13: 9781136825019, Pages: 274.

Kline, P., 2000. The Handbook of Psychological Testing. 2nd Edn., Psychology Press, London, UK., ISBN-13: 9780415211581, Pages: 744.

Komalasari, K., 2009. The effect of contextual learning in civic education on students' civic competence. J. Soc. Sci., 5: 261-270.
Direct Link  |  

Lapkin, S., M. Swain and M. Smith, 2002. Reformulation and the learning of French pronominal verbs in a Canadian French immersion context. Modern Language J., 86: 485-507.
CrossRef  |  

Marlowe, B.A. and M.L. Page, 2005. Creating and Sustaining the Constructivist Classroom. 2nd Edn., Corwin Press, Thousand Oaks, CA.

Maxwell, N., 2007. From Knowledge to Wisdom: A Revolution for Science and Humanities. 2nd Edn., Vol. 5, Pentire Press, London, England, ISBN-13: 978-0955224003, Pages: 484.

Mayya, S. and S. Roff, 2004. Students' perceptions of educational environment: A comparison of academic achievers and under-achievers at Kasturba Medical College, India. Educ. Health, 17: 280-291.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  

McArthur, J., 2011. Reconsidering the social and economic purposes of higher education. Higher Educ. Res. Dev., 30: 737-749.
CrossRef  |  

McHenry, L.B., 2007. Commercial influences on the pursuit of wisdom. London Rev. Educ., 5: 131-142.
CrossRef  |  

Metz, E. and J. Youniss, 2003. A demonstration that school-based required service does not deter-but heightens-volunteerism. Political Sci. Politics, 36: 281-286.
CrossRef  |  

Middlehurst, R. and S. Woodfield, 2004. The role of transnational, private and for-profit provision in meeting global demand for tertiary education: Mapping, regulation and impact: Summary report. Commonwealth of Learning and UNESCO, Vancouver.

Mincemoyer, C. and D.F. Perkins, 2005. Measuring the impact of youth development programs: A national on-line youth life skills evaluation system. Forum Family Consumer Issues, Vol. 10.

Mondak, J.J., M.V. Hibbing, D. Canache, M.A. Seligson and M.R. Anderson, 2010. Personality and civic engagement: An integrative framework for the study of trait effects on political behavior. Am. Polit. Sci. Rev., 104: 85-110.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Nahar, N., M.H.K. Talukder, M.T.H. Khan, S. Mohammad and T. Nargis, 2010. Students perception of educational environment of Medical Colleges in Bangladesh. Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Med. Univ. J., 3: 97-102.
CrossRef  |  

Nussbaum, M.C., 2006. Education and democratic citizenship: Capabilities and quality education. J. Human Dev., 7: 385-395.
CrossRef  |  

Ozymy, J., 2012. The poverty of participation: Self-interest, student loans and student activism. Political Behav., 34: 103-116.
CrossRef  |  

Palmer, P.J., A. Zajonc and M. Scribner, 2010. The heart of higher education: A call to renewal. John Wiley and Sons, San Francisco, CA., ISBN-13: 9780470638477, Pages: 256.

Papaioannou, E. and G. Siourounis, 2005. Economic and social factors driving the third wave of democratization. London Business School, Mimeo.

Pascarella, E.T. and P.T. Terenzini, 2005. How College Affects Students: A Third Decade of Research. Vol. 2, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, CA., ISBN-13: 978-0787910440, Pages: 848.

Pascarella, E.T., 2001. Identifying excellence in undergraduate education are we even close? Change, 33: 18-23.
CrossRef  |  

Putnam, R.D., 2000. Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community. Simon and Schuster, New York, USA., ISBN-13: 9780743203043, Pages: 541.

Ramachandran, S.D., S.C. Chong and H. Ismail, 2009. The practice of knowledge management processes: A comparative study of public and private higher education institutions in Malaysia. Vine, 39: 203-222.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Rogers, A.M., 2009. Becoming more civic through: The study of local history. Ph.D. Thesis, The Pennsylvania State University.

Sander, P. and L. Sanders, 2003. Measuring confidence in academic study: A summary report. Electron. J. Res. Educ. Psychol. Psychopedagogy, 1: 1-17.
Direct Link  |  

Sander, P. and L. Sanders, 2006. Understanding academic confidence. Psychol. Teach. Rev., 12: 29-42.
Direct Link  |  

Schulz, W., J. Fraillon, J. Ainley, B. Losito and D. Kerr, 2008. International civic and citizenship education study: Assessment framework. International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

Sirat, M.B., 2010. Strategic planning directions of Malaysia's higher education: University autonomy in the midst of political uncertainties. Higher Educ., 59: 461-473.
CrossRef  |  

Smart, D., A. Sanson, L. Da Silva and J. Toumbourou, 2000. The development of civic mindedness in Australian adolescents. Family Matters No. 57, Australian Institute of Family Studies.

Smith, M.B., R.S. Nowacek and J.L. Bernstein, 2010. Introduction: Ending the Solitude of Citizenship Education. In: Citizenship Across the Curriculum, Smith, M.B., R.S. Nowacek and J.L. Bernstein (Eds.). Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN., pp: 1-12.

Speelmon, P.M., 2004. The college experience according to seniors: A phenomenological study of personality-environment fit at a Residential University. Ph.D. Thesis, Washington State University.

Steinberg, K.S., J.A. Hatcher and R.S. Bringle, 2011. Civic-minded graduate: A north star. Michigan J. Commun. Serv. Learn., 18: 19-33.
Direct Link  |  

Sullivan, W.M., 2004. Can professionalism still be a viable ethic? Good Soc., 13: 15-20.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Ten Dam, G. and M. Volman, 2004. Critical thinking as a citizenship competence: Teaching strategies. Learn. Instruct., 14: 359-379.
CrossRef  |  

Theiss-Morse, E. and J.R. Hibbing, 2005. Citizenship and civic engagement. Annu. Rev. Polit. Sci., 8: 227-249.
CrossRef  |  

Tinto, V., 2000. Linking Learning and Leaving: Exploring the Role of the College Classroom in Student Departure. In: Reworking the Student Departure Puzzle, Braxton, J.M. (Ed.). Vanderbilt University Press, Nashville, TN., pp: 81-94.

Tor, G.H., 2010. Measuring youth civic development in Malaysia: Conceptualization, instrument development using the Rasch measurement model and substantive outcomes. Ph.D. Thesis, Murdoch University.

Tripathy, S. and S. Dudani, 2013. Students' perception of the learning environment in a new medical college by means of the DREEM inventory. Int. J. Res. Med. Sci., 1: 385-391.
CrossRef  |  

Umbach, P.D. and M.R. Wawrzynski, 2005. Faculty do matter: The role of college faculty in student learning and engagement. Res. Higher Educ., 46: 153-184.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Vontz, T.S., K.K. Metcalf and J.J. Patrick, 2000. Project citizen and the civic development of adolescent students in Indiana, Latvia and Lithuania. The ERIC Clearinghouse for Social Studies/Social Science Education, Bloomington, IN.

Watty, K., 2006. Addressing the basics: Academics' view of the purpose of higher education. Aust. Educ. Res., 33: 23-39.
CrossRef  |  

Winston, G. and D. Zimmerman, 2004. Peer Effects in Higher Education. In: College Choices: The Economics of where to go, When to go and How to pay for it, Hoxby, C.M. (Ed.). University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL., Print ISBN-13: 9780226355351, pp: 395-424.

Wolfowitz, P., 2007. Development and the Next Generation. The World Bank, Washington D.C.

Youniss, J. and P. Levine, 2009. Engaging Young People in Civic Life. Vanderbilt University Press, Nashville, ISBN-10: 0826516505, Pages: 304.

Yusop, F.D., 2010. The Civic-Minded Instructional Designers (CMID) framework: Educating instructional designers with community-based service-learning approaches. Ph.D. Thesis, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa.