Research Journal of Medical Sciences

Year: 2019
Volume: 13
Issue: 4
Page No. 82 - 95

A Review of Changes Induced by Tobacco Smoking and Smoking Cessation on Vocal Health

Authors : NourEl-Bashiti

References

Akhtar, S., G. Wood, J.S. Rubin, P.E. O'Flynn and P. Ratcliffe, 1999. Effect of caffeine on the vocal folds: A pilot study. J. Laryngology Otology, 113: 341-345.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Anthonisen, N.R., M.A. Skeans, R.A. Wise, J. Manfreda and R.E. Kanner et al., 2005. The effects of a smoking cessation intervention on 14.5-year mortality: A randomized clinical trial. Ann. Internal Med., 142: 233-239.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Aubry, M.C., J.L. Wright and J.L. Myers, 2000. The pathology of smoking-related lung diseases. Clinics Chest Med., 21: 11-35.
PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Banjara, H., V. Mungutwar, D. Singh and A. Gupta, 2014. Objective and subjective evaluation of larynx in smokers and nonsmokers: A comparative study. Indian J. Otolaryngology Head Neck Surg., 66: 99-109.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Barnes, L., 2008. Surgical Pathology of the Head and Neck. 3rd Edn., CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, USA., ISBN:9780849390234, Pages: 1800.

Barter, C.E. and A.H. Campbell, 1976. Relationship of constitutional factors and cigarette smoking to decrease in 1-second forced expiratory volume. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis., 113: 305-314.
PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Bele, I.V., 2005. Reliability in perceptual analysis of voice quality. J. Voice, 19: 555-573.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Bosse, R., D. Sparrow, C.L. Rose and S.T. Weiss, 1981. Longitudinal effect of age and smoking cessation on pulmonary function. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis., 123: 378-381.
PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Buist, A.S., G.J. Sexton, J.M. Nagy and B.B. Ross, 1976. The effect of smoking cessation and modification on lung function. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis., 114: 115-122.
PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Buist, A.S., J.M. Nagy and G.J. Sexton, 1979. The effect of smoking cessation on pulmonary function: A 30-month follow-up of two smoking cessation clinics. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis., 120: 953-957.
PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Burrows, B., M.D. Lebowitz, A.E. Camilli and R.J. Knudson, 1986. Longitudinal changes in forced expiratory volume in one second in adults: Methodologic considerations and findings in healthy nonsmokers. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis., 133: 974-980.
PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Byeon, H., 2015. Relationships among smoking, organic and functional voice disorders in Korean general population. J. Voice, 29: 312-316.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Camilli, A.E., B. Burrows, R.J. Knudson, S.K. Lyle and M.D. Lebowitz, 1987. Longitudinal changes in forced expiratory volume in one second in adults: Effects of smoking and smoking cessation. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis., 135: 794-799.
PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Chai, L., A.J. Sprecher, Y. Zhang, Y. Liang and H. Chen et al., 2011. Perturbation and nonlinear dynamic analysis of adult male smokers. J. Voice, 25: 342-347.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Chen, Y., S.L. Horne and J.A. Dosman, 1991. Increased susceptibility to lung dysfunction in female smokers. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis., 143: 1224-1230.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Cherniack, R.M., 1992. Pulmonary Function Testing. 2nd Edn., WB Saunders Company, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Pages: 316.

Chinn, S., D. Jarvis, R. Melotti, C. Luczynska and U. Ackermann-Liebrich et al., 2005. Smoking cessation, lung function and weight gain: A follow-up study. Lancet, 365: 1629-1635.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Chmiel, J.F. and P.B. Davis, 2003. State of the art: Why do the lungs of patients with cystic fibrosis become infected and why can’t they clear the infection?. Respir. Res., 4: 1-12.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Coles, S.J., L.R. Levine and L. Reid, 1979. Hypersecretion of mucus glycoproteins in rat airways induced by tobacco smoke. Am. J. Pathol., 94: 459-472.
PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Comstock, G.W., W.J. Brownlow, R.W. Stone and P.E. Sartwell, 2008. Cigarette smoking and changes in respiratory findings. Am. J. Epidemiol., 168: 802-809.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Cooney, O.M., K.G. McGuigan and P.J.P. Murphy, 1998. Acoustic analysis of the effects of alcohol on the human voice. J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 103: 2895-2895.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Crapo, R.O., 1994. Pulmonary-function testing. N. Engl. J. Med., 331: 25-30.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Dedivitis, R.A., A.P.B. Barros, D.S. Queija, J.C.M. Alexandre and W.T.M. Rezende et al., 2004. Interobserver perceptual analysis of smokers voice. Clin. Otolaryngology Allied Sci., 29: 124-127.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Dromey, C. and L.O. Ramig, 1998. The effect of lung volume on selected phonatory and articulatory variables. J. Speech Lang. Hearing Res., 41: 491-502.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Duarte, J.L., F.A.C.D. Faria, D.S. Ceolin, T.M. Cestari and G.F.D. Assis, 2006. Effects of passive smoke inhalation on the vocal cords of rats. Braz. J. Otorhinolaryngology, 72: 210-216.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Dursun, G., O.B. Ozgursoy, O. Kemal and I. Coruh, 2007. One-year follow-up results of combined use of CO2 laser and cold instrumentation for Reinke’s edema surgery in professional voice users. Eur. Arch. Oto Rhino Laryngology, 264: 1027-1032.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Dye, J.A. and K.B. Adler, 1994. Effects of cigarette smoke on epithelial cells of the respiratory tract. Thorax, 49: 825-834.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Farley, J.M., 1992. Inhaled toxicants and airway hyperresponsiveness. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol., 32: 67-88.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Fessler, H.E., J.J. Reilly Jr and D.J. Sugarbaker, 2003. Lung Volume Reduction Surgery for Emphysema. Vol. 184, Taylor & Francis Group LLC, Boca Raton, Florida, USA., ISBN-13:978-0-8247-5774-8, Pages: 507.

Focht, K.L., B. Martin-Harris and H.S. Bonilha, 2013. Stroboscopic parameters reported as voice outcome measures in patients treated for laryngeal cancer: A systematic review. J. Med. Speech Lang. Pathol., 21: 1-14.
PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Frederiksen, L.W. and J.E. Martin, 1979. Carbon monoxide and smoking behavior. Addict. Behav., 4: 21-30.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Gaafar, H.A. and A.H. Al-Mansour, 1981. The effect of cigarette smoke on the vocal cord mucosa of the rabbit: An electron mictoscopic study. J. Laryngology Otology, 95: 721-729.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Gilbert, H.R. and G.G. Weismer, 1974. The effects of smoking on the speaking fundamental frequency of adult women. J. Psycholinguistic Res., 3: 225-231.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Gold, D.R., X. Wang, D. Wypij, F.E. Speizer and J.H. Ware et al., 1996. Effects of cigarette smoking on lung function in adolescent boys and girls. N. Engl. J. Med., 335: 931-937.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Gonzalez, J. and A. Carpi, 2004. Early effects of smoking on the voice: A multidimensional study. Med. Sci. Monit., 10: CR649-CR656.
PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Goswami, S. and T.K. Patra, 2003. A clinico-pathological study of Reinke’s oedema. Indian J. Otolaryngology Head Neck Surg., 55: 160-165.
PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Guimaraes, I. and E. Abberton, 2005. Health and voice quality in smokers: An exploratory investigation. Logopedics Phoniatrics Vocology, 30: 185-191.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Hamdan, A.L., A. Sibai, D. Oubari, J. Ashkar and N. Fuleihan, 2010. Laryngeal findings and acoustic changes in hubble-bubble smokers. Eur. Arch. Oto Rhino Laryngology, 267: 1587-1592.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Hamdan, A.L., A. Sibai, L. Mahfoud, D. Oubari and J. Ashkar et al., 2011. Short term effect of hubble-bubble smoking on voice. J. Laryngology Otology, 125: 486-491.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Hasleton, P. and D.B. Flieder, 2013. Spencer’s Pathology of the Lung. 6th Edn.,/Vol. 1, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK., ISBN:978-0-521-50995-4, Pages: 1920.

Haussmann, H.J., E. Anskeit, D. Becker, P. Kuhl and W. Stinn et al., 1998. Comparison of fresh and room-aged cigarette sidestream smoke in a subchronic inhalation study on rats. Toxicol. Sci., 41: 100-116.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Hay, E.D., 1991. Cell Biology of Extracellular Matrix. 2nd Edn., Springer, Boston, Massachusetts, USA., ISBN:978-1-4615-3770-0, Pages: 468.

Hecht, S.S., 1999. Tobacco smoke carcinogens and lung cancer. J. National Cancer Inst., 91: 1194-1210.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Hendrick, D.J., 2004. Smoking, Cadmium and emphysema. Thorax, 59: 184-185.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Hermans, R., 2012. Head and Neck Cancer Imaging. 2nd Edn., Springer, Berlin, Germany, ISBN:978-3-642-17869-6, Pages: 413.

Higgins, M.W., P.L. Enright, R.A. Kronmal, M.B. Schenker and H. Anton-Culver et al., 1993. Smoking and lung function in elderly men and women: The Cardiovascular Health Study. JAMA., 269: 2741-2748.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Hillel, A.D., K. Yorkston and R.M. Miller, 1989. Using phonation time to estimate vital capacity in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil., 70: 618-620.
PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Hirano, M., 1981. Clinical Examination of Voice. Springer, New York, USA., ISBN:9783211816592, Pages: 100.

Hixon, T.J. and J.D. Hoit, 2005. Evaluation and Management of Speech Breathing Disorders: Principles and Methods. Redington Brown, Tucson, Arizona, ISBN:9780976351306, Pages: 461.

Hlastala, M.P. and A.J. Berger, 2001. Physiology of Respiration. 2nd Edn., Oxford University Press, New York, USA., ISBN:978-0-19-513847-4, Pages: 275.

Hojslet, P.E., V. Moesgaard-Nielsen and M. Karlsmose, 1990. Smoking cessation in chronic Reinke’s oedema. J. Laryngology Otology, 104: 626-628.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Illum, L., 2006. Nasal clearance in health and disease. J. Aerosol Med., 19: 92-99.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Isik, A.C., Y. Kalender, S. Yardimci and A. Ergun, 2004. Environmental tobacco smoke in rats. J. Otolaryngology, 33: 382-386.
PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

James, A.L., L.J. Palmer, E. Kicic, P.S. Maxwell and S.E. Lagan et al., 2005. Decline in lung function in the Busselton Health Study: The effects of asthma and cigarette smoking. Am. J. Respire. Crit. Care Med., 171: 109-114.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Krecicki, T., M. Zalesska-Krecicka, P. Pastuszek, J. Rak and M. Morawska-Kochman et al., 2004. Treatment of Reincke’s edema among different professional groups: Presentation of results. Intl. J. Occup. Med. Environ. Health, 17: 279-284.
Direct Link  |  

Krzyzanowski, M., A.E. Camilli and M.D. Lebowitz, 1990. Relationships between pulmonary function and changes in chronic respiratory symptoms: Comparison of Tucson and Cracow longitudinal studies. Chest, 98: 62-70.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Lange, P., S. Groth, G.J. Nyboe, J. Mortensen and M. Appleyard et al., 1989. Effects of smoking and changes in smoking habits on the decline of FEV1. Eur. Respir. J., 2: 811-816.
PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Lee, A., T.L. Whitehill and V. Ciocca, 2009. Effect of listener training on perceptual judgement of hypernasality. Clin. Ling. Phonetics, 23: 319-334.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Lee, L., J.C. Stemple, D. Geiger and R. Goldwasser, 1999. Effects of environmental tobacco smoke on objective measures of voice production. Laryngoscope, 109: 1531-1534.
PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Leeder, S.R., 1975. Role of infection in the cause and course of chronic bronchitis and emphysema. J. Infect. Dis., 131: 731-742.
PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Leino, T., A.M. Laukkanen, I. Ilomaki and E. Maki, 2008. Assessment of vocal capacity of Finnish University students. Folia Phoniatrica Logopaedica, 60: 199-209.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Levitzky, M.G., 2018. Pulmonary Physiology. 9th Edn., McGraw-Hill Education, New York, USA., ISBN:9781260019339, Pages: 320.

Lowell, F.C., W. Franklin, A.L. Michelson and I.W. Schiller, 1956. Chronic obstructive pulmonary emphysema: A disease of smokers. Ann. Internal Med., 45: 268-274.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Marcotullio, D., G. Magliulo and T. Pezone, 2002. Reinke’s edema and risk factors: Clinical and histopathologic aspects. Am. J. Otolaryngology, 23: 81-84.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Meade, P.D., S. Yamashiro, T. Harada and P.K. Basrur, 1979. Influence of vitamin A on the laryngeal response of hamsters exposed to cigarette smoke. Prog. Exp. Tumor Res., 24: 320-329.
PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Moharamzadeh, K., I.M. Brook, R. Van Noort, A.M. Scutt and M.H. Thornhill, 2007. Tissue-engineered Oral Mucosa: A review of the scientific literature. J. Dent. Res., 86: 115-124.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Moore, G.P., 1971. Voice Disorders Organically Based. In: Handbook of Speech Pathology and Audiology, Travis, L.E. (Ed.). Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, USA., ISBN:9780133817645, pp: 535-570.

Moshammer, H., G. Hoek, H. Luttmann-Gibson, M.A. Neuberger and T. Antova et al., 2006. Parental smoking and lung function in children: An international study. Am. Journal. Respire. Crit. Care Med., 173: 1255-1263.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Muller, K.M. and B.R. Krohn, 1980. Smoking habits and their relationship to precancerous lesions of the larynx. J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol., 96: 211-217.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Murphy, C.H. and P.C. Doyle, 1987. The effects of cigarette smoking on voice-fundamental frequency. Otolaryngology Head Neck Surg., 97: 376-380.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

OSG., 2004. The Health Consequences of Smoking: A Report of the Surgeon General. US Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the Surgeon General, Washington, DC, USA., Washington, DC, USA., Pages: 941.

Oates, J., 2009. Auditory-perceptual evaluation of disordered voice quality. Folia Phoniatrica Logopaedica, 61: 49-56.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Owing, J.H., 2005. Smoking and Health: New Research. Nova Science Publisher, New York, USA., ISBN:1-59454-392-5, Pages: 229.

Pelkonen, M., I.L. Notkola, H. Tukiainen, M. Tervahauta and J. Tuomilehto et al., 2001. Smoking cessation, decline in pulmonary function and total mortality: A 30 year follow up study among the finnish cohorts of the seven countries study. Thorax, 56: 703-707.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Pelt, W.V., G.J. Borsboom, B. Rijcken, J.P. Schouten and B.C.V. Zomeren et al., 1994. Discrepancies between longitudinal and cross-sectional change in ventilatory function in 12 years of follow-up. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 149: 1218-1226.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Prescott, E., M. Osler, H.O. Hein, K. Borch-Johnsen and P. Lange et al., 1998. Gender and smoking-related risk of lung cancer. Epidemiol., 9: 79-83.
PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Prout, M.N., J.N. Sidari, R.A. Witzburg, G.A. Grillone and C.W. Vaughan, 1997. Head and neck cancer screening among 4611 tobacco users older than forty years. Otolaryngology Head Neck Surg., 116: 201-208.
PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Pryor, W.A., 1997. Cigarette smoke radicals and the role of free radicals in chemical carcinogenicity. Environ. Health Perspect., 105: 875-882.
PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Robin, J.S., R.T. Sataloff and G.S. Korovin, 2014. Diagnosis and Treatment of Voice Disorders. 4th Edn., Plural Publishing Inc., San Diego, California, USA., ISBN:978-1-59756-553-0, Pages: 1021.

Rodgman, A. and T.A. Perfetti, 2008. The Chemical Components of Tobacco and Tobacco Smoke. 1st Edn., CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, USA., ISBN:9780429146831, Pages: 1840.

Russell, M.A., C. Wilson, C. Taylor and C.D. Baker, 1980. Smoking habits of men and women. Br. Med. J., 281: 17-20.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Sakae, F.A., R. Imamura, L.U. Sennes, T. Mauad and P.H. Saldiva et al., 2008. Disarrangement of collagen fibers in Reinke’s edema. Laryngoscope, 118: 1500-1503.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Sapienza, C.M. and B.H. Ruddy, 2009. Voice Disorders. Plural Publishing Inc., San Diego, California, USA., Pages: 548.

Sataloff, R.T., 1987. Common diagnoses and treatments in professional voice users. Med. Prob. Performing Artists, 2: 15-20.

Scanlon, P.D., J.E. Connett, L.A. Waller, M.D. Altose and W.C. Bailey et al., 2000. Smoking cessation and lung function in mild-to-moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: The Lung Health Study. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 161: 381-390.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Sherrill, D.L., P. Enright, M. Cline, B. Burrows and M.D. Lebowitz, 1996. Rates of decline in lung function among subjects who restart cigarette smoking. Chest, 109: 1001-1005.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Shintani, H., M. Fujimura, Y. Ishiura and M. Noto, 2000. A case of cigarette smoking-induced acute eosinophilic pneumonia showing tolerance. Chest, 117: 277-279.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Smolley, L.A. and D.F. Bruce, 1998. Breathe Right Now: A Comprehensive Guide to Understanding and Treating the Most Common Breathing Disorders. W.W. Norton & Company, New York, USA., ISBN:9780393045994, Pages: 288.

Sorensen, D. and Y. Horii, 1982. Cigarette smoking and voice fundamental frequency. J. Commun. Disord., 15: 135-144.
PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Stemple, J.C., L.E. Glaze and B.G. Klaben, 2000. Clinical Voice Pathology: Theory and Management. 3rd Edn., Singular Publishing Group, Del Mar, California, USA., ISBN:0-7693-0005-7, Pages: 513.

Stoicheff, M.L., 1975. Voice following radiotherapy. Laryngoscope, 85: 608-618.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Summers, V. and M.R. Leek, 1998. FO processing and the seperation of competing speech signals by listeners with normal hearing and with hearing loss. J. Speech Lang. Hearing Res., 41: 1294-1306.
PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Tajada, J.D., R.F. Liesa, E.L. Arenas, M.J.N. Galvez and C.M. Garrido et al., 1999. The effect of tobacco consumption on acoustic voice analysis. Acta Otorrinolaringologica Esp., 50: 448-452.
PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Tashkin, D.P., R. Kanner, W. Bailey, S. Buist and P. Anderson et al., 2001. Smoking cessation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised trial. Lancet, 357: 1571-1575.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Taylor, R.G., H. Joyce, E. Gross, F. Holland and N.B. Pride, 1985. Bronchial reactivity to inhaled histamine and annual rate of decline in FEV1 in male smokers and ex-smokers. Thorax, 40: 9-16.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Tinker, C., C.M. Fletcher and R. Peto, 1976. The Natural History of Chronic Bronchitis and Emphysema: An Eight-Year Study of Early Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease in Working Men in London. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK., ISBN:9780192611192, Pages: 272.

Titze, I.R. and R.C. Scherer, 1983. Vocal Fold Physiology: Biomechanics, Acoustics and Phonatory Control. Vol. 1, Denver Center for the Performing Arts, Denver, Colorado, Pages: 527.

Townsend, M.C., A.G. DuChene, J. Morgan and W.S. Browner, 1991. Pulmonary function in relation to cigarette smoking and smoking cessation. Preventive Med., 20: 621-637.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Vaca, M., E. Mora and I. Cobeta, 2015. The aging voice: Influence of respiratory and laryngeal changes. Otolaryngology Head Neck Surg., 153: 409-413.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Vasconcelos, S.V.D., R.J.V.D. Mello, H.J.D. Silva and E.B. Soares, 2009. Effects of smoking on the elderly people’s vocal cords dimensions. Intl. Arch. Otorhinolaryngology, 13: 24-29.
Direct Link  |  

Voekel, N.F. and W. MacNee, 2002. Chronic Obstructive Lung Diseases. BC Decker Inc., Hamilton, London, UK., ISBN:1-55009-133-6, Pages: 429.

Vollmer, W.M., P.L. Enright, K.L. Pedula, F.E. Speizer and L.H. Kuller et al., 2000. Race and gender differences in the effects of smoking on lung function. Chest, 117: 764-772.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Wise, R.A., P.L. Enright, J.E. Connett, N.R. Anthonisen and R.E. Kanner et al., 1998. Effect of weight gain on pulmonary function after smoking cessation in the Lung Health Study. Am. J. Respire. Crit. Care Med., 157: 866-872.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Wright, J.L., P. Cagle, A. Churg, T.V. Colby and J. Myers, 1992. Diseases of the small Airways. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis., 146: 240-262.
Direct Link  |  

Xu, X., D.W. Dockery, J.H. Ware, F.E. Speizer and B.G. Ferris Jr., 1992. Effects of cigarette smoking on rate of loss of pulmonary function in adults: A longitudinal assessment. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis., 146: 1345-1348.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Xu, X., S.T. Weiss, B. Rijcken and J.P. Schouten, 1994. Smoking, changes in smoking habits and rate of decline in FEV1: New insight into gender differences. Eur. Respir. J., 7: 1056-1061.
PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Yance, D.R. and A. Valentine, 1999. Herbal Medicine, Healing & Cancer: A Comprehensive Program for Prevention and Treatment. 1st Edn., Keats Publishing, Los Angeles, California, USA., ISBN-13:978-0879839680, Pages: 480.

Zeitels, S.M., G.W. Bunting, R.E. Hillman and T. Vaughn, 1997. Reinke’s edema: Phonatory mechanisms and management strategies. Ann. Otology Rhinology Laryngology, 106: 533-543.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Design and power by Medwell Web Development Team. © Medwell Publishing 2024 All Rights Reserved